What do DNA and old bones show about where humans began and spread?

"DNA from Ethiopian man pre-dates the movement of Eurasian farmers 'back to Africa'."

"The earliest evidence of human presence in Xinjiang dates back to about 45,000 years ago at the Tongtian Cave site in Altai [ 3 ], although human remains are only found dating back to approximately 5000 BP."

"The African replacement model has gained the widest acceptance owing mainly to genetic data (particularly mitochondrial DNA) from existing populations."

"ANE ancestry refers to a genetic component linked to Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers from northern Eurasia, which contributed to populations across Eurasia and the Americas [ 20 ]"

"holds that present-day humans outside Africa descend mainly from a single expansion of anatomically modern humans ( Homo sapiens ) from Africa about 70,000–50,000 years ago."

"It is the most widely accepted [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] paleo-anthropological model of the geographic origin and early migration of the human species."

"A 1987 analysis of mitochondrial DNA from 147 people by Cann et al. from around the world indicated that their mitochondrial lineages all coalesced in a common ancestor from Africa between 140,000 and 290,000 years ago."

"They found that "the ancestors of Neanderthals from the Altai Mountains and early modern humans met and interbred, possibly in the Near East, many thousands of years earlier than previously thought"."

"In 2001, a DNA study of more than 12,000 men from 163 East Asian regions showed that all of them carry a mutation that originated in Africa about 35,000 to 89,000 years ago"

"The rate of Neanderthal admixture to European and Asian populations as of 2017 has been estimated at between about 2–3%."

"It proposes that Homo sapiens evolved in Africa before migrating across the world."

"While there is broad agreement on our African origin and subsequent global expansion"

"currently fossil, genetic, and archaeological data and perspectives on the details of this process are, if not actively contradictory, then certainly uncomfortable bedfellows."

"In part, this uncertainty reflects the profound spatial and temporal biases in currently available archaeological, fossil, and genetic samples."

"transition as a period of substantial demographic flux (demic"

"every other kind of hominin, from the Neanderthals of western Eurasia to the ‘hobbits’ of Flores, became extinct while our species prospered and spread across the world, from remote islands to high mountains."

"confirmingthatmajordemographiceventscontinuedtotakeplace inEurope afterthe early Neolithic."

"the challenges of accurately dating palaeoanthropological sites and the continuing influence of the outdated concept of a ‘Human Revolution’"

"simulations excluding H. sapiens showed H. neanderthalensis undergoing demographic decline along general east-to-west and north-to-south clines, opposite to the directions followed by H. sapiens during their dispersal across Europe, as indicated by the archaeological record"

"elsewhere, genetic evidence suggests admixture between the two species"

"Analyses identified three major migration waves into the Americas, including a previously undetected migration from Mesoamerica to South America and the Caribbean about 1,300 years ago."

"The study reveals that around 2% of the genome of some Indigenous American peoples shows genetic affinity with populations in Australasia, including those in Australia, New Guinea, and the Andaman Islands."

"Homo sapiens evolved hundreds of thousands of years ago in Africa, later spreading"

"This connection, present in South American individuals dating back more than ten thousand years and in very similar proportions, suggests the influence of an ancient, unsampled Asian population, known as Ypykuéra (Y-lineage), which intermixed with the ancestors of these populations."

"from at least 100 ka (ref. 42)."

"The study also confirms that between 1% and 3% of the genome comes from archaic hominids"