How was Louisiana's 1890 separate train car law enforced, and what records survive?

"A passenger who refused to move to the correct compartment faced a fine of twenty-five dollars or up to twenty days in the parish prison."

"The committee selected Plessy for the legal campaign, in part, because of his light complexion. A darker-complected person would not likely have been able to purchase a ticket and be seated in the rail car reserved for whites."

"Violations of the law were a misdemeanor crime punishable by a fine of at most $25 or twenty days of jail time."

"shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white, and colored races, by providing two or more passenger coaches for each passenger train, or by dividing the passenger coaches by a partition so as to secure separate accommodations"

"Conductors had authority to assign passengers by race and could refuse service to anyone who would not comply."

"After a planned altercation with the train conductor, Plessy refused to give up his seat and move to the colored only car; the train was stopped and he was arrested immediately by a private detective hired by the Comite' des Citoyens."

"By the second section it was enacted 'that the officers of such passenger trains shall have power and are hereby required to assign each passenger to the"

"Plessy purchased a ticket to board the train that departed at 4:15 p.m. for Covington, Louisiana."

"Desdune's case never went to trial because the Louisiana Supreme Court ruled on May 25 in the unrelated Abbott v. Hicks that the Separate Car Act did not apply to interstate passengers,"

"we are not prepared to say that the conductor, in assigning passengers to the coaches according to their race, does not act at his peril"

"Plessy was convicted and sentenced to pay a $25 fine."

"On June 7, 1892 Plessy purchased a first-class ticket to take him from New Orleans to Covington on the East Louisiana Railroad"

"The Louisiana Separate Car Act of 1890 mandated that railroads provide "equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races"."

"The Daily Picayune published notice on June 9, 1892 regarding Homer Plessy's arrest for violating Louisiana's Separate Car Act."

"Ferguson ruled that Louisiana could regulate such actions and that Plessy was guilty as charged. The Louisiana Supreme Court upheld this decision."

"The act required separation on public conveyances, with penalties for non-compliance."

"This law was challenged by Homer Plessy , a mixed-race man, who"

"On June 7, 1892, a 30-year-old African-American man named Homer Plessy attempted to board a segregated East Louisiana Railroad passenger train car at Press and Royal Streets in New Orleans."

"In 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson 2 gave full sway to the notorious separate but equal doctrine in race relations."

"In 1890, the State of Louisiana passed the Separate Car Act , which required separate accommodation for black and white people on railroads, including separate railway cars ."

"The Daily Picayune published notice on June 9, 1892 regarding Homer Plessy's arrest for violating Louisiana's Separate Car Act."

"violating section 2 of act 111 of 1890,relative to separate coaches."

"Martinet contacted the East Louisiana Railroad , one of the companies that opposed the law, and declared their intentions to stage an act of civil disobedience."

"The [Citizens' Committee of New Orleans] had hired a private detective with arrest powers to take Plessy off the train at Press and Royal streets, to ensure that he was charged with violating the state's separate-car law and not some other misdemeanor."

"was sent before the criminal court under $500.00 bond."

"On June 7, 1892 , Homer Plessy was arrested for violating Louisiana's Separate Car Act."

"He also hired the services of private detective Chris C. Cain to arrest Plessy and ensure that he was charged with violating the Separate Car Act and not with a misdemeanor such as disturbing the peace."

"a law that segregated railroad"

"but less familiar is the incredible organizing by the Comité des Citoyens that led to this test case."

"When conductor J. J. Dowling, who was also in on the staged act, came to collect Plessy's ticket, he told Plessy to leave the"

"Later in 1892, Plessy appeared before John"

"A placard marks the place in New Orleans where Chris C. Cain arrested Homer Plessy on June 7, 1892."

"Over 20,000 passengers annually traveled the"