Who found the Dead Sea Scrolls, and what writings are in them?

"The First Jubilees Manuscript from Qumran Cave 4: A Preliminary Publication"

"presents the diplomatic publication of the 4QCalendrical Documents and Mishmarot texts (4Q320-330, 337, 394.1-2) by Shemaryahu Talmon with the assistance of Jonathan Ben Dov"

"determining the differences between the manuscripts of the Community Rule found in Caves 1, 4 and 5"

"The Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa a ) contains almost the whole Book of Isaiah ."

"the 4QOrdo text (4Q334) by Uwe Glessmer; and the 4QOtOt text (4Q319) by Ben Dov"

"He observes the use of a 364-day solar calendar at Qumran that corresponds to the calendar systems represented in the Book of the Heavenly Luminaries (1 En. 72-82) and the book of Jubilees (chs. 6 and 2)."

"scrolls and related fragmentary manuscripts embody a wide spectrum of doctrines, genres and themes, from a Hebrew hymn by a Jewish nationalist poet to an apocalyptic brotherhood initiation to an inventory of documents stashed away in the Judaean wilderness"

"In the fourth cave the fragments were torn into up to 15,000 pieces."

"G.L. Harding, director of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities, began working on piecing the fragments together but did not finish this before his death in 1979."

"IN the early summer of 1947, an Arab shepherd stumbled upon a cave near the Dead Sea containing seven ancient scrolls."

"In early April 1947 JunTa and Khalil took them to Bethlehem, principal market town of the Ta‘amireh. They took three scrolls and two jars to the carpenter shop of Ibrahim ‘Ijha who dabbled in antiquities."

"JunTa and Khalil were given £5 and the scrolls were left in the little shop in Bethlehem."

"This naturally leads to an examination of the significance of the biblical scrolls from Qumran — about 25 percent of the scrolls are books of the Hebrew Bible — for our understanding of the development of the biblical text."

"Before the Qumran discoveries our oldest texts of the Hebrew Bible were medieval — tenth century and later. With the Qumran discoveries, we suddenly had texts a thousand years earlier — at a time when the biblical texts had not yet been standardized."

"ומדי שבת בשבת׳ה יבוא כול הבשר להשתחות לפנ׳י אמר יהוה"

"ואת ערי יהודה אתן שממה מבלי יושב"

"three Bedouin shepherds happened upon a cave secluded among the"

"In fact, in September 1952, Qumran cave 4 was discovered and excavated by unauthorized people, who, incidentally, confused the fragments coming from what had originally been two caves (caves 4a and 4b)."

"scripts were taken by edh-Dhib from the cave that morning."

"and of the Dead Sea Scrolls near Khirbet Qumran in 1946 are commonly reckoned as the most important archaeological finds of the twentieth century for the study of early Christianity and ancient Judaism."

"To avoid further illegal and potentially damaging excavations, a team lead by Roland De Vaux went to the site to begin controlled operations."

"Muhammed edh-Dhib quietly slipped away and climbed the"

"In 1947, a shepherd in the hills north of the Dead Sea visited a contact in Bethlehem, a dealer of antiquities to foreign visitors, offering fragments of written material."

"About 600 manuscripts were identified as 4Q manuscripts, and about 150 of them were identified as coming from controlled excavations."

"The dealer, from the Syriac community, was unsure of the items’ value and began enquiries which followed Syriac Orthodox religious and intellectual networks."

"Carefully they unwrapped one of the smaller ones, which has since proved to be a part of the Sectarian Document."

"Despite initial scepticism, the fragments were the first of the now globally famous Dead Sea Scrolls, and ever since have been surrounded by rumours and controversy."

"In other words, it indicates that we do not know for certain when the first Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered"