What do space rays and floating for years do to a person's body?

"due to the extended exposure duration and the current inadequacy of shielding technologies to effectively mitigate the impact of such high-energy particles"

"crewmembers with higher concentrations of biomarkers of bone turnover before spaceflight experienced greater losses in tibia bone strength"

"In spacefaring rodents, calvariae bone volume to tissue volume (BV/TV) demonstrated a trend toward increasing that did not reach statistical significance, while in mandibles, there was a significant decrease in BV/TV."

"Microgravity may be associated with early renal magnesium losses and a progressive increase in serum magnesium."

"training volume predicted preservation of tibia bone strength and trabecular"

"even though bone loss is a known problem for long-duration spaceflights."

"Dentin thickness and incisor volume of rodent incisors were not significantly different between spaceflight and ground controls."

"whereas urine magnesium decreased significantly (-30.01 ± 6.74%)"

"Evidence indicates that microgravity induces significant changes, including skeletal muscle atrophy, bone loss, immune dysregulation, cardiovascular remodelling, skin aging, and disruptions in respiratory, lymphatic, digestive, endocrine, urinary, and reproductive functions."

"Spaceflight exposes humans to a unique environment characterized by altered gravity, cosmic radiation and psychological stress, resulting in extensive physiological adaptations across multiple organ systems."

"Exposure to microgravity induces a rapid and profound loss of bone mass, particularly in weight-bearing skeletal regions, closely resembling accelerated osteoporosis on Earth."

"Traditionally attributed to mechanical unloading, bone loss in space is now recognized as being strongly regulated by oxidative stress. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-driven by mitochondrial dysfunction, cosmic radiation, altered circadian rhythms, and fluid shifts-disrupts osteoblast differentiation, enhances osteoclastogenesis, and compromises osteocyte viability."

"Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-driven by mitochondrial dysfunction, cosmic radiation, altered circadian rhythms, and fluid shifts-disrupts osteoblast differentiation, enhances osteoclastogenesis, and compromises osteocyte viability. These effects are mediated through redox-sensitive signaling pathways, including RANK/RANKL/OPG, Wnt/β-catenin, and MAPK, as well as transcripti"

"Moreover, oxidative stress modulates epigenetic regulators, notably microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs, tipping gene networks toward apoptosis, autophagy dysregulation, and cellular senescence in bone cells."

"Beyond mechanistic insights, recent studies highlight the long-term persistence of skeletal deficits after spaceflight and reveal sex- and age-related vulnerabilities, particularly in postmenopausal women due to estrogen deficiency."

"The extended exposure to microgravity during space missions leads to various physical alterations in astronauts, such as shifts in bodily fluids, reduced plasma volume, loss of bone density, muscle wasting, and cardiovascular deconditioning."

"These changes can ultimately lead to orthostatic intolerance, underscoring the increasing importance of addressing these health risks."

"Astronauts are exposed to cosmic radiation consisting of high-energy particles from various sources, including solar cosmic rays and galactic cosmic rays."

"These radiations can impact the electrical signals in the heart, potentially causing irregular heart rhythms."

"Staying longer in outer space will inevitably increase the health risks of astronauts due to the exposures to galactic cosmic rays and solar particle events."

"can disrupt or adversely affect immune cell biology"

"Significant reduction of inflammation and DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) activity and rescue of mitochondria functions are observed after antagomir treatment."

"Exposure may pose a significant hazard to space flight crews not only during the mission but also later, when slow-developing adverse effects could finally become apparent."

"International Space Station (ISS) datasets establish that 6-month microgravity exposure produces a 5.3–9.0% reduction in paraspinal cross-sectional area"

"spaceflight alters host-microbiome interactions"

"Using data from astronaut participants in the NASA Twin Study, Inspiration4, and JAXA missions, we reveal the genes and pathways implicated in the action of these antagomirs are altered in humans."

"Numerous animal and cellular models have repeatedly demonstrated the negative effects of high-energy charged-particle on the brain and cognitive function."

"recorded a mean lumbar spine BMD reduction of 6.2% over six months, with incomplete recovery at twelve months"

"their combined effects during spaceflight remain less understood"

"However, research on the role of space radiation in potentiating cardiovascular dysfunction is still in its early stages."

"estimated lumbar vertebral compressive strength fell by an average of 10% after 6-month missions"

"This exposure carries risks to the central nervous system (CNS) that could jeopardize the mission and astronaut health."

"Prolonged spaceflight can induce physiologic and pathologic abnormalities in the central nervous system (CNS)."

"The SDI in its current form does not include a radiation-driven term, and this is a limitation that reflects the state of the evidence rather than a judgment that radiation is unimportant."

"Multiple studies have shown that GCR simulation induces a maladaptive activation of microglia - the brain-resident immune cells."

"including microgravity, physiological/psychological stress, and radiation from galactic cosmic rays (GCR) and solar particle events (SPEs) outside of low earth orbit (LEO)"

"GCR simulation also induced synaptic changes resulting in lasting cognitive and behavioral defects."

"Oxidative stress or other environmental stressors may disrupt BBB integrity and increase permeability leading to immune cell infiltration and undesirable neuroinflammation."

"Female and male mice show different susceptibilities to GCR exposure, and evidence suggests this sexually dimorphic response is linked to microglia."

"Manipulating microglia can prevent the development of cognitive deficits in male mice exposed to components of GCR."