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Do digital coin company reports change from 2026 to 2027 on pledged coins?

Research question: Across 2026 10-K and 10-Q filings from other digital-asset and tokenization filers, how do companies disclose collateral pledging, derecognition decisions and fair-value gains or losses, and do these disclosures change between 2026 and 2027?

Filers disclose pledging in specific terms: Pineapple reported about 7.3 million INJ tokens, worth roughly $47.7 million, pledged under its FalconX financing 1, and Lite Strategy reported LTC that is pledged as collateral within its digital assets receivable 3. On derecognition, Pineapple says it keeps recognizing pledged assets because it retains ownership and the transfers do not qualify for derecognition 4, while Lite Strategy derecognizes LTC when it is placed with GSR Markets to write covered call options 11. Fair-value results also vary: Pineapple recorded a net unrealized gain of $2,809,970 for the nine months ended May 31, 2026 8 and states its gains are non-cash until the assets are monetized 15, Forum Markets reported $12.8 million in digital asset losses for the six months ended June 30, 2026 27, and Securitize reported a $29,266,000 loss on its option liability and a $21,843,000 gain on its derivative liability in the second quarter of 2026 3435. The provided facts do not include any 2027 filings, so they cannot show whether these disclosures change between 2026 and 2027. The only forward-looking item is ESMA's call for evidence on tokenized collateral at EU central counterparties, with responses due January 15, 2027 and an assessment in the first quarter of 2027 40. The newest fact is dated October 9-10, 2026 3738.

Checked 2026-10-14. Only documented and supported facts are used.
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Sources

[1] supported
Pineapple pledged about 7.3 million INJ tokens, worth roughly $47.7 million, as collateral under its FalconX financing arrangement as of May 31, 2026.
"As of May 31, 2026, approximately 7,303,725 INJ tokens, with a carrying amount (fair value) of $ 47,719,617 , were pledged as collateral and are included within digital assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets."
10-Q Pineapple Financial Inc. (PAPL) (CIK 0001938109) 2026-07-20
[2] documented
Crypto assets a customer delivers to the company are recorded as a liability called 'collateral payables' at fair value, with fair value changes going through net income.
"Crypto assets received from customers is the Company’s obligation to return, such obligations are recorded under “collateral payables” at fair value. Changes in the fair value of this liability are recognized in net income."
20-F Amber International Holding Ltd (AMBR) (CIK 0001697818) 2025-06-12
[3] documented
Digital assets receivable, net includes LTC that is pledged as collateral as well as LTC that is unencumbered but held at GSR.
"Digital assets receivable, net, include LTC pledged as collateral and those unencumbered but residing with GSR."
10-Q Lite Strategy, Inc. (LITS) (CIK 0001262104) 2026-05-13
[4] documented
The company keeps recognizing pledged digital assets on its balance sheet because it retains ownership and the transfers do not qualify for derecognition.
"Although pledged as collateral, the Company retains ownership of these assets and continues to recognize them in the condensed consolidated balance sheets because the transfers do not qualify for derecognition."
10-Q Pineapple Financial Inc. (PAPL) (CIK 0001938109) 2026-07-20
[5] supported
In the study's sample, tokenization significantly increased accounting discretion in fair value measurement, contrary to the expectation that blockchain would reduce discretion.
"The results show that tokenization significantly increases accounting discretion in fair value measurement"
The effect of adopting tokenized assets on accounting discretion in fair value measurement under IFRS 9 and IFRS 13 (2026)
[6] supported
The company offsets fair value changes on collateral payables against corresponding changes in 'collateral receivables' where applicable, because of back-to-back customer contracts and hedging arrangements.
"The Group offsets these fair value adjustments against corresponding changes in “collateral receivables” where applicable, given the back-to-back nature of customer contracts and hedging arrangements."
20-F Amber International Holding Ltd (AMBR) (CIK 0001697818) 2025-06-12
[7] supported
The company says the ASC 350-60 crypto-asset standard does not cover initial measurement, recognition, or derecognition, so it recorded its digital assets at cost plus fees under ASC 350-30.
"ASC 350-60 does not address the initial measurement, recognition, and derecognition of crypto assets."
10-Q Lite Strategy, Inc. (LITS) (CIK 0001262104) 2026-05-13
[8] documented
The company recorded a net unrealized fair value gain of $2,809,970 on its digital assets in the nine months ended May 31, 2026, recognized in earnings.
"For the nine months ended May 31, 2026, the Company recognized a net unrealized gain of $ 2,809,970 related to changes in the fair value of its digital assets."
10-Q Pineapple Financial Inc. (PAPL) (CIK 0001938109) 2026-07-20
[9] supported
Fair value measurement using the IFRS 13 Level 3 hierarchy is associated with higher accounting discretion.
"Fair value measurement using the IFRS 13 Level 3 hierarchy also increases discretion"
The effect of adopting tokenized assets on accounting discretion in fair value measurement under IFRS 9 and IFRS 13 (2026)
[10] supported
Digital assets are measured at fair value with changes recognized in profit or loss, because the company treats them as commodity broker-trader inventory under IAS 2 and considers costs to sell insignificant.
"The Company considers there are no significant “costs to sell” digital assets and hence measurement of digital assets is based on their fair values with changes in fair values recognized in profit or loss in the period of the changes."
20-F Amber International Holding Ltd (AMBR) (CIK 0001697818) 2025-06-12
[11] documented
Changes in the fair value of digital assets include realized losses when LTC is derecognized as it is placed as collateral with GSR Markets to write covered call options.
"Change in fair value of digital assets represents unrealized losses from the remeasurement of our LTC investments to their fair value, realized losses recognized upon derecognition of LTC digital assets when placing them as collateral with GSR Markets upon writing of Covered Call Options and realized losses on the sale of LTC digital assets."
10-Q Lite Strategy, Inc. (LITS) (CIK 0001262104) 2026-05-13
[12] supported
Digital assets are remeasured at fair value each reporting date under ASC 350-60, with changes run through the statement of operations as they occur.
"Digital assets are subsequently measured at fair value at each reporting date in accordance with ASC 350-60, with changes in fair value recognized within consolidated statements of operations in the period in which they occur."
10-Q Pineapple Financial Inc. (PAPL) (CIK 0001938109) 2026-07-20
[13] supported
For financial assets held at amortised cost, gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the assets are derecognised or impaired, and through the amortisation process.
"Gains and losses are recognised in profit or loss when the assets are derecognised or impaired, and through the amortisation process."
20-F Amber International Holding Ltd (AMBR) (CIK 0001697818) 2025-06-12
[14] supported
The digital asset rollforward records a separate line for realized losses upon transfer of digital assets as collateral, alongside unrealized losses and a line for digital assets transferred as collateral.
"Realized loss upon transfer of digital assets as collateral"
10-Q Lite Strategy, Inc. (LITS) (CIK 0001262104) 2026-05-13
[15] documented
The company states that its fair value gains and losses are non-cash until the related digital assets are sold, exchanged, transferred or otherwise monetized.
"Fair value gains and losses are non-cash in nature unless and until the related digital assets are sold, exchanged, transferred or otherwise monetized."
10-Q Pineapple Financial Inc. (PAPL) (CIK 0001938109) 2026-07-20
[16] supported
The fair value of the company's put and call options is measured on a recurring basis by reference to the spot price of the underlying digital assets and is classified as a Level 2 fair value input.
"The fair value of the put and call option is measured on a recurring basis by referencing to the spot price of underlying digital assets, which the Group considers to be a Level 2 fair value input."
20-F Amber International Holding Ltd (AMBR) (CIK 0001697818) 2025-06-12
[17] supported
Other expense was driven by fair value changes on LTC pledged for covered call options, partly offset by a gain on derivative liabilities.
"primarily associated with the change in fair value of digital assets receivable, net, realized and unrealized losses on LTC pledged for Covered Call Options partially offset by a gain on derivative liabilities during the current period"
10-Q Lite Strategy, Inc. (LITS) (CIK 0001262104) 2026-05-13
[18] documented
The company enters into structured product arrangements under which customers must pledge crypto assets as collateral.
"The Group enters into structured product arrangements with customers that require the customers to pledge crypto assets as collateral."
6-K Amber International Holding Ltd (AMBR) (CIK 0001697818) 2025-09-10
[19] supported
Pledged crypto collateral is measured at fair value when received and re-measured at each reporting date, with changes in fair value recognized in the financial statements.
"Crypto assets pledged as collateral are initially measured at fair value on the date of receipt and subsequently re-measured at each reporting date, with changes in fair value recognized in the financial statements."
6-K Amber International Holding Ltd (AMBR) (CIK 0001697818) 2025-09-10
[20] supported
Customer-delivered crypto collateral is recorded as a liability at fair value, and changes in that liability go through net income, with offsets against collateral receivables where applicable.
"Changes in the fair value of this liability are recognized in net income. The Group offsets these fair value adjustments against corresponding changes in “collateral receivables” where applicable, given the back-to-back nature of customer contracts and hedging arrangements."
6-K Amber International Holding Ltd (AMBR) (CIK 0001697818) 2025-09-10
[21] supported
Digital assets are measured at fair value with fair value changes recognized in profit or loss in the period of change, because the company treats them as commodity broker-trader inventory with no significant costs to sell.
"The Group considers there are no significant “costs to sell” digital assets and hence measurement of digital assets is based on their fair values with changes in fair values recognized in profit or loss in the period of the changes."
6-K Amber International Holding Ltd (AMBR) (CIK 0001697818) 2025-09-10
[22] documented
Forum Markets reported $6.3 million in digital asset gains for the three months ended March 31, 2026, driven by $118.2 million in realized gains from ETH sales offsetting $124.6 million in unrealized losses.
"Digital asset gains for the three months ended March 31, 2026 were $6.3 million, primarily reflecting approximately $124.6 million of unrealized losses resulting from changes in market prices of ETH and liquid staking incentive tokens held during the period, partially offset by approximately $118.2 million of realized gains recognized upon the sale, transfer, or redeployment of ETH."
10-Q FORUM MARKETS Inc (FRMM) (CIK 0001690080) 2026-05-15
[23] documented
The company recorded a $48.6 million change in fair value for long-term receivable derivatives in Q1 2026, primarily due to changes in market conditions.
"The change in fair value of the long-term receivable derivative for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was $48.6 million, primarily driven by changes i"
10-Q FORUM MARKETS Inc (FRMM) (CIK 0001690080) 2026-05-15
[24] documented
Forum Markets discloses fair value changes for available-for-sale securities, which amounted to $0.1 million in Q1 2026 from equity investments acquired during that period.
"Change in fair value of available-for-sale securities for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was $0.1 million, reflecting unrealized gains and losses resulting from changes in market prices of equity investment securities acquired during the period."
10-Q FORUM MARKETS Inc (FRMM) (CIK 0001690080) 2026-05-15
[25] documented
The company's derivative instruments include ETH-denominated contracts where gains and losses arise from market price changes and settlements.
"Change in Fair Value of Derivative Instruments consists of net realized and unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s ETH-denominated derivative instruments. Gains and losses arise from changes in market prices and changes in fair value and settlement of the instruments, as applicable."
10-Q FORUM MARKETS Inc (FRMM) (CIK 0001690080) 2026-05-15
[26] documented
Forum Markets holds liquid staking incentive tokens in addition to ETH, which contribute to its digital asset gains and losses.
"Digital asset gains and losses consist of realized and unrealized gains and losses on ETH and liquid staking incentive tokens held by the Company."
10-Q FORUM MARKETS Inc (FRMM) (CIK 0001690080) 2026-05-15
[27] documented
Forum Markets recognized $12.8 million in digital asset losses for the six months ended June 30, 2026, driven by $124.6 million in realized losses from ETH sales or redeployment, partially offset by $111.8 million in unrealized gains.
"Digital asset losses for the six months ended June 30, 2026 were $12.8 million, primarily reflecting approximately $124.6 million of realized losses recognized upon the sale, transfer, or redeployment of ETH, partially offset by approximately $111.8 million of unrealized gains resulting from changes in market prices of ETH and liquid staking incentive tokens held during the period."
10-Q FORUM MARKETS Inc (FRMM) (CIK 0001690080) 2026-08-14
[28] documented
The company reported a $48.6 million change in fair value for long-term receivable derivatives in the first half of 2026, attributed to ETH price changes, staking rewards, and asset deployment quantities.
"The change in fair value of the long-term receivable derivative for the six months ended June 30, 2026 was $48.6 million, primarily driven by changes in the market price of ETH, the accrual of staking rewards under liquid staking arrangements, and changes in the quantity of assets deployed in such protocols during the period."
10-Q FORUM MARKETS Inc (FRMM) (CIK 0001690080) 2026-08-14
[29] documented
Forum Markets discloses that its interest expense consists primarily of interest incurred on the Equities First loan and the Aave loan.
"Interest expense consists of interest incurred on outstanding debt obligations, primarily the Equities First loan and the Aave loan."
10-Q FORUM MARKETS Inc (FRMM) (CIK 0001690080) 2026-08-14
[30] documented
The company's other expense is primarily composed of the reversal of previously recognized reward revenue associated with protocol-based incentive arrangements.
"Other expense consists primarily of the reversal of previously recognized reward revenue associated with protocol-based incentive arrangements."
10-Q FORUM MARKETS Inc (FRMM) (CIK 0001690080) 2026-08-14
[31] documented
Forum Markets reports that changes in fair value of derivative instruments consist of net realized and unrealized gains and losses on ETH-denominated derivative instruments.
"Change in Fair Value of Derivative Instruments consists of net realized and unrealized gains and losses on the Company’s ETH-denominated derivative instruments."
10-Q FORUM MARKETS Inc (FRMM) (CIK 0001690080) 2026-08-14
[32] documented
Securitize reported a net loss of $512,615 on digital assets held for investment in the second quarter of 2026, compared to no such loss in the prior-year period.
"Loss on digital assets held for investment, net (512,615) — n/m"
8-K Securitize Corp. (SECZ) (CIK 0002094496) 2026-08-12
[33] documented
Securitize recorded a net loss of $82,705 on digital assets from operations in the second quarter of 2026, a 68% decrease from the prior-year period.
"Loss on digital assets from operations, net 82,705 259,910 (68)%"
8-K Securitize Corp. (SECZ) (CIK 0002094496) 2026-08-12
[34] documented
The company recognized a $29,266,000 loss from the change in fair value of option liability in the second quarter of 2026.
"Change in fair value of option liability (29,266,000) (977,000) (2,895)%"
8-K Securitize Corp. (SECZ) (CIK 0002094496) 2026-08-12
[35] documented
Securitize reported a $21,843,000 gain from the change in fair value of derivative liability in the second quarter of 2026.
"Change in fair value of derivative liability 21,843,000 (2,754,000) 893%"
8-K Securitize Corp. (SECZ) (CIK 0002094496) 2026-08-12
[36] documented
In the six months ended June 30, 2026, Securitize recorded a net loss of $1,433,082 on digital assets held for investment.
"Loss on digital assets held for investment, net 1,433,082 —"
8-K Securitize Corp. (SECZ) (CIK 0002094496) 2026-08-12
[37] supported
The regulator requires evidence that tokenized collateral remains high quality, legally enforceable, and highly liquid even during stressed conditions and following a clearing member default.
"“Collateral must be of high quality, legally enforceable, highly liquid, and easily operationally available,” he said, “including in stressed conditions and following a clearing member default.”"
ESMA Reviews Tokenized Collateral for EU Central Clearing
[38] supported
ESMA is seeking industry input on whether existing EU rules remain adequate for tokenized collateral at central counterparties, specifically regarding legal, operational, and liquidity risks.
"The European Securities and Markets Authority is seeking industry input on the legal, operational and liquidity risks of tokenized collateral at EU central counterparties (CCPs). The call for evidence, published on Oct. 9, explores whether using distributed ledger technology changes how eligible assets are moved, protected and realized, and whether existing EU rules remain adequate."
ESMA seeks feedback on tokenized collateral at EU clearing houses
[39] supported
ESMA has identified four specific risks associated with tokenized collateral: uncertainty over legal ownership, challenges managing collateral during defaults, liquidity and concentration risks, and cybersecurity/interoperability vulnerabilities.
"ESMA has outlined four risks associated with tokenized collateral, including uncertainty over legal ownership, challenges managing collateral during defaults, liquidity and concentration risks, and vulnerabilities involving cybersecurity and interoperability."
ESMA seeks feedback on tokenized collateral at EU clearing houses
[40] supported
Stakeholders have until January 15, 2027, to respond to ESMA's call for evidence, after which ESMA will assess submissions in the first quarter of 2027 to determine if further regulatory measures are needed.
"Stakeholders have until Jan. 15, 2027, to respond, after which ESMA will assess the submissions in the first quarter of 2027 and determine whether further regulatory measures are warranted."
ESMA seeks feedback on tokenized collateral at EU clearing houses