Answer · confidence: thin

Does the 428,728-person study test food swaps, and how do heart results compare?

Research question: Does the 428,728-participant multinational cohort report any food-swap or substitution analysis, and how do its circulatory and digestive mortality estimates compare in size with the US nurses and health professionals cohorts?

The verified facts do not mention a 428,728-participant multinational cohort, so they cannot show whether it reports any food-swap or substitution analysis or what its circulatory and digestive mortality estimates are ⁶. The facts do give enrollment sizes for the US cohorts: about 121,700 nurses in the original Nurses' Health Study ¹, more than 116,000 in Nurses' Health Study II ², and more than 51,000 male health professionals in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study ⁴. The original Nurses' Health Study initially investigated cardiovascular disease, but no mortality counts or rates for it are given, so a size comparison of mortality estimates is not possible ³. The newest dated fact is from 1989, about 37 years before October 2026 ².

Checked 2026-10-21. Only documented and supported facts are used.

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Sources

[1] supported

The original Nurses' Health Study enrolled about 121,700 participants, the largest of the three US nurse cohorts described.

"Approximately 121,700 participants in 11 of the most populous U.S. states"

Nurses' Health Study

[2] supported

Nurses' Health Study II enrolled more than 116,000 younger female nurses beginning in 1989.

"He is principal investigator of Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II), which enrolled more than 116,000 younger female nurses beginning in 1989 and examines diet, lifestyle, and the risk of chronic disease."

Walter Willett

[3] supported

The original Nurses' Health Study initially investigated cardiovascular disease alongside contraceptive use, smoking, and cancer.

"Initially, the study investigated contraceptive use, smoking , cancer , and cardiovascular disease ."

Nurses' Health Study

[4] supported

The Health Professionals Follow-up Study is a cohort of more than 51,000 male health professionals enrolled in 1986.

"He is also the principal investigator of the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), a cohort of more than 51,000 male health professionals enrolled in 1986."

Walter Willett

[5] supported

The original Nurses' Health Study I enrolled more than 121,000 nurses, established in 1976, and has followed them for five decades.

"He is a co-investigator on Nurses' Health Study I (NHS I), the original cohort established in 1976, which enrolled more than 121,000 nurses and has followed them for five decades."

Walter Willett

[6] supported

In the Nurses' Health Study II and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, participants complete detailed dietary questionnaires every two to four years, allowing analysis of diet over time.

"In both studies, participants complete detailed dietary questionnaires every two to four years, allowing analysis of diet as it changes over time."

Walter Willett