Are sugar and salt bad for you even in foods that aren't junk?

"Among studies evaluating metabolic syndrome, including 19,431 participants and 5,803 cases, the pooled RR was 1.20 [1.02-1.42]."

"High sugar intakes impair risk factors for macrovascular complications of T2DM."

"These findings suggested that sodium intake by 100 mmol/d increment was associated with an increased risk of stroke incidence and stroke mortality."

"In addition to weight gain, higher consumption of SSBs is associated with development of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. These data provide empirical evidence that intake of SSBs should be limited to reduce obesity-related risk of chronic metabolic diseases."

"Weight gain and T2DM incidence are associated with diet and lifestyle patterns characterized by high consumptions of any sweetened beverages."

"In population representative samples adjusted for multiple confounders, the HR for ACM was consistently decreased in usual sodium vs. low sodium intake (HR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.81-0.92), but not increased in high sodium vs. usual sodium intake (HR = 1.04; 95% CI = 0.91-1.18)."

"women who consumed on average 1.9 g refined grain fiber/2,000 kcal and 4.7 g whole grain fiber/2,000 kcal had a 17% lower mortality rate (RR=0.83, 95% CI=0.73-0.94) than women who consumed predominantly refined grain fiber: 4.5 g/2,000 kcal, but only 1.3 g whole grain fiber/2,000 kcal."

"Higher consumption of whole grain is recommended because it is associated with lower incidence of, and mortality from, CVD, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers."

"demonstrated a 159% increased risk of stroke"

"This may be due in part to effects on the gut microbiota."

"Inferences from studies that have reported associations between grain fiber intake and morbidity or mortality may be limited by not differentiating fiber sources."

"However, a considerable part of the carbohydrates, especially in whole grains, is indigestible dietary fibers. These impact gut motility and transit and are useful substrates for the gut microbiota affecting its composition and quality."

"The majority of these carbohydrates, especially in refined-grain products, are digestible."

"Among overweight persons with an average energy intake of 7452 kJ, a 100 mmol higher sodium intake was associated with a 32% increase (RR, 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.64; P = .01) in stroke incidence, 89% increase (RR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.31-2.74; P<.001) in stroke mortality, 44% increase (RR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.14-1.81; P = .002) in coronary heart disease mortality, 61% increase (RR, 1.61"

"low potassium with high sodium excretion (1.21, 1.11 to 1.32; 13.8% of cohort) were associated with the highest risk"

"Our analysis indicates that high sodium intake is strongly and independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in overweight persons."

"Higher potassium excretion attenuated the increased cardiovascular risk associated with high sodium excretion (P for interaction=0.007)."

"The increased risk of cardiovascular events associated with higher sodium intake (>5 g/d) is most prominent in those with hypertension."

"Dietary sodium is positively associated with blood pressure"

"Increasing sodium intake is associated with increasing blood pressure, whereas low sodium intake results in increased renin and aldosterone levels."

"Compared with baseline sodium excretion of 4 to 5.99 g per day, sodium excretion of greater than 7 g per day was associated with an increased risk of all CV events"

"Adherence to healthful PBDs is associated with more favourable health outcomes irrespective of UPF content, suggesting that overall PBD quality may be more important than processing level for chronic disease prevention."

"A major deficit in the field is the absence of large randomized controlled trials to provide definitive evidence on optimal sodium intake for preventing cardiovascular events."

"In a recent clinical trial [19], it was shown that fructose over- consumption in humans leads to dyslipidemia and ectopic lipid deposition, along with increased hepatic insulin resistance."

"Nutrient quality was similar across high- and low-UPF hPDI patterns."

"Higher estimated potassium excretion was associated with a reduced risk of stroke."

"In a crossover design, both hepatic lipids and VLDL triacylglycerides increased by over 75% following a short-term high- fructose diet."

"low-UPF hPDI, 0.72 (0.65-0.79)]"

"In experiments with rats, fructose has been shown to induce hypertension [16]"

"Higher adherence to the high-UPF hPDI was also associated with 11% lower cardiovascular disease risk [0.89 (0.82-0.96)], while no clear association was observed for the low-UPF hPDI."

"Over the last several decades, medical advice, particularly in the United States, has emphasized the concept that a low-fat diet is a healthy diet, and this has likely led to a shift towards an increased dietary intake in carbohydrates."

"The study showed a direct association between urinary Na excretion and CVD mortality which was more considerable at intakes above 2400mg/d."

"Our meta-analysis suggests that a high whole grain intake, but not refined grains, is associated with reduced type 2 diabetes risk."

"However, the association was not significant in those studies which examined dietary intake of Na"

"The summary relative risk per 3 servings per day was 0.68"

"the association between Na intake and CVD mortality was observed only among studies conducted in the USA"

"while white rice was associated with increased risk."

"High Na intake has been strongly associated with different health problems"

"suggest that at least two servings of whole grains per day should be consumed to reduce type 2 diabetes risk."

"Our results support public health recommendations to replace refined grains with whole grains"