Which kid pesticide test results did EPA use to set FQPA's safety rules?

"Susceptibility: Are children more susceptible or less susceptible than adults to the effects of dietary exposure to pesticides?"

"Toxicity: Are toxicity tests in laboratory animals adequate to predict toxicity in human infants and children? Do the extent and type of toxicity of some chemicals vary by species and by age?"

"Assessing risk: How is dietary exposure to pesticide residues associated with response? How can laboratory data on lifetime exposures of animals be used to derive meaningful estimates of risk to children? Does risk accumulate more rapidly during the early years of life?"

"This book explores whether the present regulatory approaches adequately protect infants and children, who may differ from adults in susceptibility and in dietary exposures to pesticide residues."

"The statute established that OPP shall apply an additional 10X safety factor as a default to account for pre- and postnatal toxicity and completeness of the toxicology and exposure databases."

"The Agency’s pre-1996 practice regarding use of the database uncertainty factor (UFDB) tended to focus on a somewhat narrow group of studies. Given FQPA’s emphasis on the protection of infants and children, the risk assessor should use, in decisions involving the FQPA safety standard, the database uncertainty factor to address data deficiencies bearing on risks to sensitive subpopulations, includi"

"Traditional uncertainty factors which are those used prior to FQPA passage to account for database deficiencies and are now codified by the FQPA; and Special FQPA safety factors which are those used to apply to the aspect of a "different" FQPA factor that is unique to FQPA and which are introduced primarily as a result of FQPA."

"OPP believes Congress intended that the FQPA safety factor be in addition to only the standard, baseline inter- and intra-species uncertainty factors."

"t entitled “Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children” (NRC,1993) (p.361), an additional 10X factor has not been automatically applied by OPP or EPA whenever a study identified fetal developmental effects."

"For the non-organophosphate pesticides reviewed here, the EPA applied an additional children’s health safety factor in 13% of acute dietary exposure scenarios and 12% of chronic dietary exposure scenarios."

"For the organophosphate pesticides as a group, a tenfold children’s health safety factor was proposed in 2015. Notably, in 2017 that decision was reversed for chlorpyrifos."

"Importantly, even if an additional FQPA factor is assigned, it does not necessarily represent children’s health protection; for non-organophosphate pesticides, the EPA’s primary rationale for applying an additional FQPA factor is due to data uncertainties."

"The report added that for the five pesticides where the EPA applied a tenfold FQPA factor, “severe developmental toxicity end points, such as multiple malformations and fetal death, were observed in laboratory animals” [ 5 ]."

"For bensulide [ 63 ] and phosmet [ 64 ], 10X FQPA safety factors were assigned for all exposure pathways except for inhalation exposures, where a factor of 30X was applied due to “uncertainty in the human dose-response relationship for neurodevelopmental effects” and a lack of necessary inhalation studies for these pesticides."