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What treaties and events forced the Acadians out of Canada to Louisiana?

Research question: What specific historical events and treaties led to the expulsion of the Acadians from Canada and their resettlement in the Louisiana bayou country?

The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 ceded mainland Acadia to Britain, leading to decades of tension as Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of loyalty 13. The British and Indian War intensified these disputes, particularly after some Acadians were found fighting alongside French troops, which fueled suspicions of their allegiance to France 48. In 1755, the Nova Scotia Council ordered the expulsion of all Acadians without distinguishing between neutrals and combatants, resulting in the forced deportation of over 12,000 people 67. Contrary to popular belief, no Acadians were sent directly to Louisiana during the initial deportation; instead, they were scattered across the Thirteen Colonies or sent to France and Britain 921. Many of those deported to France later migrated to Spanish Louisiana, where they eventually became known as Cajuns 1318.

Checked 2026-10-14. Only documented and supported facts are used.
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[1] supported
The Treaty of Utrecht ceded mainland Acadia, which today is Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, to Britain, though Cape Breton was not included.
"ceded mainland Acadia (modern Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) to Britain, but not Cape Breton."
The Treaty of Utrecht, 1713 - Heritage
[2] supported
The Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, forced France to cede Acadia, Hudson Bay, and Newfoundland to England.
"In the spring of 1713 the War of the Spanish Succession ended with the Treaty of Utrecht. The French had been forced to concede to the English Hudson Bay, Acadia, and Newfoundland, and the right to trade directly with the First Nations of the west."
Treaty of Utrecht (1713) - Dictionary of Canadian Biography
[3] supported
After the British gained control of Acadia in 1713, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of loyalty and instead negotiated a conditional oath promising neutrality.
"After the British gained control of Acadia in 1713, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of loyalty to become British subjects. Instead, they negotiated a conditional oath that promised neutrality."
Expulsion of the Acadians
[4] supported
The French and Indian War, the last of the colonial wars, led to the British expulsion of the Acadians from the region.
"Eventually, the last of the colonial wars—the French and Indian War —resulted in the British Expulsion of the Acadians from the region."
History of the Acadians
[5] supported
The treaty did not define the boundaries of Acadia, and this vagueness led to continued disputes between France and England.
"The exact extent of the boundaries of Acadia was not spelled out in the treaty, which subsequently gave rise to continued disputes between France and England."
Treaty of Utrecht (1713) - Dictionary of Canadian Biography
[6] supported
The British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council ordered all Acadians expelled, without distinguishing between neutral Acadians and those who took up arms.
"Without differentiating between those who had remained neutral and those who took up arms, the British governor Charles Lawrence and the Nova Scotia Council ordered all Acadians to be expelled."
Expulsion of the Acadians
[7] supported
Between 1755 and 1764, more than 12,000 Acadians, about three-fourths of Nova Scotia's Acadian population, were expelled from the colony.
"In the Grand Dérangement (the Great Upheaval ), more than 12,000 Acadians (three-fourths of the Acadian population in Nova Scotia) were expelled from the colony between 1755 and 1764."
History of the Acadians
[8] supported
British colonial officers suspected Acadians of being aligned with France after some Acadians were found fighting alongside French troops at Fort Beauséjour during the French and Indian War.
"British colonial officers suspected that Acadians were aligned with France, after finding some Acadians fighting alongside French troops at Fort Beauséjour."
Acadians
[9] supported
Acadians were deported first to the Thirteen Colonies, and later to Britain or France, and many of those sent to Britain and France then migrated to Spanish Louisiana, where 'Acadians' eventually became 'Cajuns'.
"Prior to 1758, Acadians were deported to the Thirteen Colonies (first wave of the expulsion). Later they were transported to either Britain or France (second wave of the expulsion)."
Expulsion of the Acadians
[10] supported
The British destroyed around 6,000 Acadian houses and scattered the Acadians across the Thirteen Colonies, from Massachusetts to Georgia.
"The British destroyed around 6,000 Acadian houses and dispersed the Acadians among the Thirteen Colonies from Massachusetts to Georgia ."
History of the Acadians
[11] supported
The decision to deport the Acadians was made at a meeting of the Nova Scotia Council in Halifax on July 25, 1755.
"The decision to deport the Acadians is made, during meetings of the Nova Scotia Council meeting in Halifax"
1755
[12] supported
The British, with New England legislators and militia, carried out the Great Expulsion, forcibly deporting about 11,500 Acadians, and roughly one-third of them died from disease and drowning.
"the British, together with New England legislators and militia, carried out the Great Expulsion ( Le Grand Dérangement ) of the Acadians between 1755 and 1764. They forcefully deported approximately 11,500 Acadians from the maritime region. Approximately one-third perished from disease and drowning."
Acadians
[13] supported
A significant number of Acadians deported to Britain and France later migrated to Spanish Louisiana, where they eventually became known as Cajuns.
"A significant number of those who were deported to Britain and France would then migrate to Spanish Louisiana , where "Acadians" eventually became " Cajuns "."
Expulsion of the Acadians
[14] supported
Some expelled Acadians later migrated from France to Louisiana, where they became known as Cajuns, a corruption of the word Acadiens.
"Others remained in France and some migrated from there to Louisiana, where they became known as Cajuns , a corruption of the word Acadiens or Acadians."
History of the Acadians
[15] supported
The expulsion of the Acadians began on August 10, 1755, with the Bay of Fundy Campaign.
"The Expulsion of the Acadians begins, with the Bay of Fundy Campaign"
1755
[16] supported
Deported Acadians were scattered across the British eastern seaboard colonies, where many were forced into labour, imprisoned, or put into servitude.
"The Acadians were deported to separated locations throughout the British eastern seaboard colonies, from New England to Georgia"
Acadians
[17] supported
Britain conquered Acadia in 1710, and for the following forty-five years Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain, which fed British concern about them.
"The British Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain."
History of the Acadians
[18] supported
Acadians who went to France were encouraged by Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere to settle in Louisiana, which was then a Spanish colony; the British did not deport them there directly.
"The British did not directly deport Acadians to Louisiana. Following the expulsion by the British from their home, Acadians found their way to many friendly locales, including France. Acadians left France, under the influence of Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere , to settle in Louisiana , which was then a colony of Spain."
Expulsion of the Acadians
[19] supported
From September 1755 to June 1763, most deported Acadians were sent to British colonies in America, not to Louisiana.
"From September 1755-June 1763, the vast majority of Acadians are deported to one of the following British Colonies in America"
1755
[20] supported
After being expelled to France, many Acadians were later recruited by the Spanish government to migrate to Louisiana, where they mixed with Louisiana Creole settlements and gradually developed Cajun culture.
"After being expelled to France, many Acadians were eventually recruited by the Spanish government to migrate to Luisiana (present-day Louisiana)."
Acadians
[21] supported
Contrary to popular belief, no Acadians were sent to Louisiana during the deportation.
"Contrary to popular belief, no Acadians are sent to Louisiana"
1755
[22] supported
The fall of the Fortress of Louisbourg in 1758 led to the repatriation to France of the civilian populations of Isle Royal and Isle St. Jean, among whom were several thousand Acadians who had escaped deportation.
"In 1758 the Fortress of Louisbourg falls and all of the civilian population of Isle Royal (Cape Breton Island) and Isle St. Jean (Prince Edward Island) are repatriated to France"
1755
[23] supported
The English general Amherst explicitly excluded Acadians from the protection of the Montreal capitulation, which otherwise prohibited the deportation of French residents.
"L'article 39 de la capitulation de Montréal, soumis à la signature d'Amherst, stipule qu'aucun Français résidant au Canada, ou sur les frontières, ne sera déporté en Angleterre ni dans les colonies anglaises. Le général anglais écrit en marge : " Accordé, excepté à l'égard des Acadiens.""
Des Acadiens déportés à Boston, en 1755 : (un épisode du Grand Dérangement) (1909)
[24] supported
After the expulsion, influential figures and officials seized the best lands abandoned by the Acadians, with Lord Egmond receiving 100,000 arpents and Alexandre McNutt receiving 1.6 million arpents.
"Belcher et les amis influents ne furent pas oubliés. Lord Egmond reçut pour sa part cent mille arpents de terre et forêts, et un certain Alexandre McNutt, pour lui et ses associés, un million six cent mille."
Des Acadiens déportés à Boston, en 1755 : (un épisode du Grand Dérangement) (1909)
[25] supported
In 1761, Belcher and his Council passed a resolution stating that no royal order or provincial law should allow French Acadians to remain in Nova Scotia, despite General Amherst's request to end the deportation.
"Sûr de chacun des membres de son Conseil, Belcher, le 20 février 1761, leur fit passer, en réponse au message du général, un arrêté déclarant " qu'ils étaient unanimement d'avis qu'aucun ordre du roi, ni aucune loi de la province ne devait permettre aux Acadiens-Français de demeurer à la Nouvelle-Ecosse.""
Des Acadiens déportés à Boston, en 1755 : (un épisode du Grand Dérangement) (1909)
[26] supported
During the 1758 deportation from Saint John Island, the planned ratio was 0.89 passengers per ton, which was significantly lower than the 2 passengers per ton ordered by Charles Lawrence for Nova Scotia.
"Dans le cas particulier de la déportation de l’île Saint-Jean , le plan prévoyait toutefois de placer 3 890 passagers dans divers bateaux totalisant une capacité de 4 354 tonneaux , soit un ratio de 0,89 passager par tonneau, comparativement aux 2 passagers par tonneau selon Charles Lawrence"
Transport des Acadiens durant le Grand Dérangement
[27] supported
The belief that Acadian prisoners from Saint John Island were packed as tightly as those from Nova Scotia is considered a myth resulting from an exaggeration of the facts.
"La croyance selon laquelle les prisonniers de l’île Saint-Jean furent entassés comme ceux de la Nouvelle-Écosse provient d'une exagération des faits ; c'est l'un des mythes acadiens"
Transport des Acadiens durant le Grand Dérangement
[28] supported
The deportation ships were mostly rented from a New England company and modified for the occasion, despite a common belief that they were dilapidated.
"Les Bateaux, indispensables à la déportation, sont pour la plupart loués à une compagnie de la Nouvelle-Angleterre et réaménagés pour l'occasion"
Transport des Acadiens durant le Grand Dérangement
[29] supported
The Acadians were ordered to take an oath of allegiance to the King of England and renounce their affiliation to the King of France, which they refused.
"The forbears and ancestors of Robert F. Brou sard were ordered to formally take the oath of al allegiance - legiance allegiance to the King of England and to renounce their affliaion to Louis, King of France. His an ancestors - cestors ancestors were as proud and strong strongminded - minded strongminded as was our distinguished junior Senator; they had tasted of French civilization for centu cent"
Image 10 of New Iberia enterprise and independent observer (New Iberia, La.), June 15, 1918
[30] supported
The Acadians were originally Normans who landed in Acadia, now Nova Scotia, to establish new homes.
"UÉj^Ni^ir ancestors were Normands y^and came to America to establish their new homes. They landed in Acadia, now Nova Scotia."
Image 10 of New Iberia enterprise and independent observer (New Iberia, La.), June 15, 1918