ANTHILLAsk your own question
Answer · confidence: partial

What's life like in Goma and Bukavu under M23 rule, with taxes and schools?

Research question: What is daily life like for people living under M23 administration in Goma and Bukavu, including taxes, courts, schools and who they answer to?

Goma has been under AFC/M23 control since January 2025, and the newest facts in the records are dated 12 October 2026, so they describe current conditions 17116. Residents face excessive taxes and levies that fund the rebel war effort, and local businesses collapsed under looting and double taxation 1915. Schools operate under M23 direction: the group invited parents to send children to school in its zones, the provincial governorate took over enrolment fee collection, and banks in Goma are closed, which complicates enrolment payments 212224. The records show M23 ordered higher education institutions to cut ties with Kinshasa and designated its governor's adviser to manage them, while the Congolese government says these appointments have no legal value 141827. The records do not describe current courts; they report home searches and ransom demands in private residences, and the top chain of command is the Front pour la refondation de la nation, led by Joseph Kabila, with Corneille Nangaa, Bertrand Bisimwa and Sultani Makenga as vice-presidents 2316.

Checked 2026-10-22. Only documented and supported facts are used.
Dig deeper on this question

Sources

[1] supported
The M23 captured the cities of Goma and Bukavu in January–February 2025.
"The capture of Goma and Bukavu in January–February 2025 by the M23 highlights this inability to control territory despite an exceptional regime that is supposed to strengthen the authority of the state."
THE STATE OF SIEGE IN NORTH KIVU: AN EXCEPTIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN THE FACE OF THE RESURGENCE AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION OF THE M23 (2026)
[2] supported
The M23 has established itself in conquered territories by inserting itself into parallel economic circuits and exploiting administrative disorganization.
"The movement has been able to exploit existing cleavages, insert itself into parallel economic circuits and take advantage of the administrative disorganization induced by the"
THE STATE OF SIEGE IN NORTH KIVU: AN EXCEPTIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM IN THE FACE OF THE RESURGENCE AND TERRITORIAL EXPANSION OF THE M23 (2026)
[3] supported
The M23 group's control over certain areas has isolated Goma from surrounding regions, which hampers food production and distribution.
"The M23 group’s control over certain areas has isolated Goma from surrounding regions, further hampering food production and distribution (UNSC, 2024)."
Congo: Protracted Social Conflict and the M23 Rebellion. Analyzing the Ongoing Struggle Between the DRC Military and Rebels (2025)
[4] documented
As of January 2024, nearly 170,000 people in Goma, representing 20% of its population, were projected to experience Crisis (IPC Phase 3) or worse levels of food insecurity.
"This includes nearly 170,000 people in Goma, representing 20% of its populatio...n (IPC, 2023)."
Congo: Protracted Social Conflict and the M23 Rebellion. Analyzing the Ongoing Struggle Between the DRC Military and Rebels (2025)
[5] supported
Armed groups have attacked or occupied 119 schools, and around 1,700 schools have suspended operations due to security threats in territories controlled by armed groups.
"Data from UNICEF’s education coordination team, working with government authorities and NGOs in North Kivu and Ituri, show that armed groups have attacked or occupied 119 schools. Additionally, around 1,700 schools have suspended operations due to ongoing security threats, as many are located in territories controlled by armed groups."
Congo: Protracted Social Conflict and the M23 Rebellion. Analyzing the Ongoing Struggle Between the DRC Military and Rebels (2025)
[6] supported
Approximately 2.63 million people in North Kivu faced acute food insecurity as of January 2024, including around 48,000 children under five suffering from severe acute malnutrition.
"As of January 2024, approximately 2.63 million people in North Kivu faced acute food insecurity, including around 48,000 children under five suffering from severe acute malnutrition (OCHA, 2024a)."
Congo: Protracted Social Conflict and the M23 Rebellion. Analyzing the Ongoing Struggle Between the DRC Military and Rebels (2025)
[7] supported
An explosion in Bukavu on February 27, 2025, killed 11 people and injured dozens more.
"In South Kivu’s capital, Bukavu, on 27 February an explosion occurred killing 11 people and injuring dozens more (Barhahiga & Pronczuk 2025)."
Multilateralism and Liminal Governance: Regional Conflict in Eastern and Central Africa (2025)
[8] supported
The governance vacuum in the region is characterized by logistical failures in the police force and mounting unemployment.
"The governance vacuum is evident in logistical failures in the police force (Le Monde Afrique, 2024), mounting unemployment (Radio Okapi, 2024), and the increasing legitimacy of the rebel gr"
Multilateralism and Liminal Governance: Regional Conflict in Eastern and Central Africa (2025)
[9] supported
The M23 movement is described as terrorizing communities, especially in the North Kivu region of the DRC.
"Both the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF) and the March 23 Movement (M23) terrorize communities, especially in the North Kivu region of the DRC."
Multilateralism and Liminal Governance: Regional Conflict in Eastern and Central Africa (2025)
[10] supported
M23 rebels looted the Goma Public Prosecutor's Office and the tax office (DGI-Goma), stripping them of movable assets, furniture, and equipment.
"The office for Direction Générale des Impôts (DGI-Goma), the Goma Public Prosecutor's Office, and the Katindo camp hospital were stripped of movable assets, furniture, and equipment."
March 23 Movement
[11] supported
Vehicles and equipment from state agencies responsible for roads and drainage were stolen by M23 and transported to Rwanda.
"Vehicles and equipment from state agencies like the Office des Routes and the Office des Voiries et Drainage (OVD) were stolen and transported to Rwanda."
March 23 Movement
[12] supported
M23 rebels seized food stocks and European Union donations intended for the Congolese National Police during their occupation of Goma.
"Food stocks , vehicles, and donations from the European Union meant for the Congolese National Police were seized."
March 23 Movement
[13] supported
M23 forces acquired approximately 20 shipping containers filled with arms and ammunition of various calibers that were abandoned by the Congolese Army during their retreat from Goma.
"Jeune Afrique later reported that M23 rebels acquired as well as six artillery pieces (type 26 and BM-type rocket launchers ) approximately ~20 shipping containers filled with arms and ammunitions of various caliber, all of which were abandoned by the FARDC during their retreat from Goma."
March 23 Movement
[14] supported
In May 2026, the M23 ordered higher education institutions meeting in a provincial conference to cut all ties with the Kinshasa-based ministry of Higher and University Education.
"En mai dernier, le M23 avait ordonné aux établissements réunis en conférence provinciale de rompre tout lien avec la tutelle du ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et universitaire, basé à Kinshasa."
Le Gouvernement rejette les nominations de l’AFC/M23 dans plusieurs établissements d’enseignement supérieur à Goma et Bukavu
[15] supported
Local businesses collapsed under looting and a double taxation system imposed by the rebels.
"Le tissu entrepreneurial local s'est effondré sous le poids des pillages et d'un système de double taxation imposé par les rebelles."
Un an après l’occupation Goma par l’AFC/M23 : des centaines de défenseurs des droits humains toujours en exil
[16] supported
The Front pour la refondation de la nation is led by Joseph Kabila as president, with Corneille Nangaa, Bertrand Bisimwa and Sultani Makenga as vice-presidents, which indicates the top chain of command over areas under its control.
"Joseph Kabila est désigné président du FRN, Corneille Nangaa, Bertrand Bisimwa, et Sultani Makenga sont nommé vice-présidents"
Front pour la refondation de la nation
[17] supported
Goma has been under the control of the AFC/M23 rebellion since January 2025.
"La ville est sous contrôle de la rébellion de l’AFC/M23 depuis janvier 2025, et la province fait face à une épidémie de maladie à virus Ebola."
Goma : rentrée scolaire sous contrôle AFC/M23 et menace Ebola
[18] supported
The M23 designated the adviser of its 'rebel' governor as the authority in charge of managing the higher education institutions.
"le mouvement avait désigné la conseillère du gouverneur rebelle comme autorité chargée de la gestion des établissements"
Le Gouvernement rejette les nominations de l’AFC/M23 dans plusieurs établissements d’enseignement supérieur à Goma et Bukavu
[19] supported
Residents are subjected to excessive taxes and levies that fund the rebel war effort.
"La population, déjà appauvrie, est soumise à des impôts et taxes démesurés qui alimentent l'effort de guerre rebelle."
Un an après l’occupation Goma par l’AFC/M23 : des centaines de défenseurs des droits humains toujours en exil
[20] supported
The FRN took over the political and military structures of the Alliance fleuve Congo, along with its existing commitments, including the Doha negotiations.
"Le FRN reprend les structures politiques et militaires de l'Alliance fleuve Congo ainsi que ses engagements existants, y compris les négociations à Doha"
Front pour la refondation de la nation
[21] supported
The M23 rebellion, which occupies Goma, invited parents to send their children to school in the zones it controls.
"La rébellion de l’AFC/M23, qui occupe la ville, a invité les parents à envoyer les enfants à l’école dans les différentes zones sous son contrôle."
Goma : rentrée scolaire sous contrôle AFC/M23 et menace Ebola
[22] supported
After the change, the provincial governorate became responsible for collecting fees tied to school enrolment control, a task normally handled by the ministry's administration.
"le gouvernorat devenait dès lors responsable de la perception des frais liés au contrôle de la scolarité, une mission normalement dévolue à l’administration du ministère de l’ESU."
Le Gouvernement rejette les nominations de l’AFC/M23 dans plusieurs établissements d’enseignement supérieur à Goma et Bukavu
[23] supported
Home searches and ransom demands in private residences were reported during the first year of occupation.
"De nombreuses perquisitions et rançonnements ont été signalés dans les domiciles privés au cours de l'année."
Un an après l’occupation Goma par l’AFC/M23 : des centaines de défenseurs des droits humains toujours en exil
[24] supported
Banks in Goma are closed, which complicates payments and transactions, including school-related administrative steps such as enrolment.
"Ces démarches administratives, habituelles en début d’année, prennent une dimension particulière dans une ville où les services bancaires sont fermés, compliquant les paiements et les transactions."
Goma : rentrée scolaire sous contrôle AFC/M23 et menace Ebola
[25] supported
The Congolese government called the M23's appointments of university and institute heads a serious and unacceptable interference, made public on 7 August 2026 by the de facto authorities in Goma and Bukavu.
"les désignations rendues publiques, vendredi 7 août 2026, par les autorités de facto de Goma et Bukavu constituent une « ingérence grave et inacceptable »"
Le Gouvernement rejette les nominations de l’AFC/M23 dans plusieurs établissements d’enseignement supérieur à Goma et Bukavu
[26] supported
Small and medium enterprises stopped operating, leaving thousands of Goma residents without jobs.
"Les petites et moyennes entreprises ont cessé de fonctionner, laissant des milliers de Gomatraciens sans emploi."
Un an après l’occupation Goma par l’AFC/M23 : des centaines de défenseurs des droits humains toujours en exil
[27] supported
The government says the M23's appointments have no legal value, and only Congolese state authorities can appoint or dismiss heads of public higher education institutions.
"ces décisions n’ont aucune valeur juridique et ne peuvent produire aucun effet dans l’administration publique congolaise."
Le Gouvernement rejette les nominations de l’AFC/M23 dans plusieurs établissements d’enseignement supérieur à Goma et Bukavu
[28] supported
Human rights defenders, civil society actors, journalists, clergy and state agents were the first to flee into exile to escape reprisals after the takeover.
"Défenseurs des droits de l'homme, acteurs de la société civile, journalistes, membres du clergé et agents de l'État ont été les premiers à prendre le chemin de l'exil pour échapper aux représailles."
Un an après l’occupation Goma par l’AFC/M23 : des centaines de défenseurs des droits humains toujours en exil
[29] supported
Teachers have threatened a strike to press demands on the Congolese state, which is a separate authority from the M23 administration running the city.
"Cette invitation intervient dans un contexte où les craintes d’une éventuelle grève des professionnels de la craie pour réclamer le respect de leurs revendications auprès de l’État congolais persistent."
Goma : rentrée scolaire sous contrôle AFC/M23 et menace Ebola