Which court ruling set the test for a president firing commission members?

"In an opinion written by Justice George Sutherland , the Court ruled that it was not a violation of the Constitution for the FTC Act to limit the power of the President to remove FTC commissioners only to situations involving "inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office""

"The government sought a stay of the district court opinion in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (D.C. Circuit), which, sitting en banc, held that “[t]he Supreme Court’s repeated and recent statements that Humphrey’s Executor . . . remain[s] precedential” required denial of the motion."

"The President has the exclusive authority to remove "administrative officers" and the Take Care Clause generally limits Congress from restricting this power."

"But the members of these agencies, too, were removable by the President at will."

"Several of Trump's early steps as president was to dismiss heads or commissioners of independent agencies, leading to lawsuits challenging these dismissals under Humphrey's Executor ."

"A federal district court first issued a decision reinstating Wilcox, holding that the President’s action violated the applicable statutory removal limitation and that, under Humphrey’s, the limitation did not unconstitutionally infringe on the President’s removal power."

"The Taft Court's broad view of the president's "constitutional duty of seeing that the laws be faithfully executed" was soon thereafter limited in Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1935) to "purely executive" offices."

"the first of the three, the Revolutionary War Debt Commission, was composed solely of Presidential appointees"

"In a 2020 decision Seila Law v. CFPB the Chief Justice wrote that Humphrey's Executor applied to multimember agencies "that do not wield substantial executive power" and would not be extended to "new situations"."

"Courts initially applied Humphrey's broadly to uphold for-cause removal protections for multimember boards intended to operate with some independence from presidential control and with functions that were characterized as “quasi-legislative” or quasi-judicial.”"

"In 1935, in Humphrey's Executor the Supreme Court upheld a statute protecting the FTC Commissioner from politically motivated removal."

"What text, history, and structure settle, the Court’s precedent confirms—the President may remove his subordinates at will."

"the Supreme Court stayed the reinstatement of two independent regulators, Gwynne Wilcox of the National Labor Relations Board and chair Cathy A. Harris of the Merit Systems Protection Board , pending further review in lower courts."

"In Slaughter, the majority declared that “If anything more is left of Humphrey’s,” it is “overruled.”"

"In Wiener v. United States the Court said the Humphrey's decision "narrowly confined the scope of the Myers decision"."

"In Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2020), the Roberts Court reaffirmed the core holding of Myers that the president generally has an unencumbered removal power."

"The Court recognized that the President may generally remove officers at will. However, the Court stated that there were two exceptions to this rule."

"On appeal at the Ninth Circuit , the circuit panel affirmed the district court's ruling, and agreed that the Supreme Court's prior decisions upholding for-cause removal in Humphrey's Executor and Morrison were controlling."

"It also referred approvingly to the en banc decision of the DC Circuit in PHH Corp. v. CFPB (2018), in which the Circuit found that the structure of the CFPB was constitutional."

"Most courts that had considered the question found that for-cause removal of the CFPB director was constitutional."

"The President may remove a member of the Amtrak Reform Board without cause."

"the Court held that heads of multi-member independent agencies who exercise executive power — including rulemaking, adjudication, and civil enforcement power — may be removed by the president at will, without the “for cause” protection provided by Congress."

"This decision overturned foundational precedent in Humphrey’s Executor v. United States that for nine decades has shielded heads of independent regulatory agencies from presidential removal at will."

"The Court of Appeals declined to stay the injunction, and the government appealed to the Supreme Court for a stay pending appeal"

"which requires a “substantial threshold” showing that turns on whether the “cause assigned” truly “implies an unfitness for the place,” or is instead a pretext to secure a “more congenial” replacement."