What online money came before bitcoin, and did any work like crypto trades?

"В 2005 году появилась торговая площадка INDX. Изначально она предназначалась для торгов традиционными деривативами , базовым активом которых являются акции крупных мировых и российских компаний. Но постепенно были введены в оборот новые ноты, обеспеченные популярными криптовалютами"

"примером может служить организованная Сергеем Мавроди «MMM Global»"

"оказывает клиентам услуги по обмену цифровых валют (например, Bitcoin ) на другие активы, включая национальные валюты и другие цифровые валюты"

"Популярными направлениями на тот момент были WebMoney и E-gold ."

"20 июля 2007 года в системе WebMoney были введены кошельки принципиально нового для России типа — WMG или WebMoney Gold. Средства в кошельках системы такого типа обеспечены слиточным золотом не ниже 995-й пробы (то есть 99,5 % чистоты)"

"Мониторинг начал работать 19 июня 2007 года. На момент запуска в листинге было 25 обменников."

"российский сайт-агрегатор данных об обменных пунктах и курсах обмена электронных денег."

"Компания E-Gold прекратила свою деятельность в 2009 году."

"В 2018 году ими являются Qiwi , Bitcoin [ 1 ] [ 2 ] , Яндекс.Деньги [ 3 ] и Perfect Money [ 4 ] [ 5 ] ."

"В мае 2013 года организация, осуществлявшая онлайн-обмен цифровых валют — Liberty Reserve — была закрыта"

"Функция «Двойной обмен» подбирает схему из двух обменов через транзитную валюту"

"In 1989, David Chaum , an American cryptographer and researcher, founded DigiCash Inc. , a company aimed at creating a digital currency that could ensure secure and anonymous transactions on the Internet, akin to cash in the digital world."

"eCash, in particular, was the first electronic payment system based on asymmetric cryptography that utilized “ blind signatures ,” a technique that allows a document to be signed without knowing its content. This ensured that banks could verify the validity of transactions without knowing the sender’s identity."

"All these factors led DigiCash to declare bankruptcy in 1998 and subsequently sell its assets to eCash Technologies."

"eCash was launched online as its own CyberBucks currency and also issued under license by banks around the world in national currencies."

"DigiCash Partners with Deutsche Bank to Test eCash in Germany DigiCash’s eCash™ to be Issued by Deutsche Bank DigiCash - 03/26/1996 Shopping with Secure Payments on the Internet - Deutsche Bank Starts eCash Pilot with 1500 Clients DigiCash - 08/04/1997"

"Hashcash is a proof-of-work system used to limit email spam and denial-of-service attacks . Hashcash was proposed in 1997 by Adam Back [ 1 ] and described more formally in Back's 2002 paper "Hashcash – A Denial of Service Counter-Measure"."

"The idea "...to require a user to compute a moderately hard, but not intractable function..." was proposed by Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor in their 1992 paper "Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail"."

"In contrast to hashcash in mail applications that relies on recipients to set manually an amount of work intended to deter malicious senders, the Bitcoin cryptocurrency network employs a different hash-based proof-of-work challenge to enable competitive Bitcoin mining . A Bitcoin miner runs a computer program that collects unconfirmed transactions from users on the network. Together, these can for"

"Microsoft also designed and implemented a now deprecated [ 12 ] open specification called "Email Postmark". It is similar to Hashcash. [ 13 ] This was part of Microsoft's Coordinated Spam Reduction Initiative (CSRI). [ 14 ] The Microsoft email postmark variant of Hashcash is implemented in the Microsoft mail infrastructure components Exchange, Outlook, and Hotmail."

"The Penny Post software project [ 10 ] on SourceForge implements Hashcash in the Mozilla Thunderbird email client . [ 11 ] The project is named for the historical availability of conventional mailing services that cost the sender just one penny, known as penny posts ."

"Hashcash[1] was originally proposedas a mechanism tothrottlesystematic abuseofun-meteredinternetresources such as email, and anonymous remailers in May 1997."

"hashcashasamintingmechanismforWeiDai’sb-moneyelectroniccashproposal,anelectroniccashscheme withoutabankinginterface[19]"

"Asubsequent improvementsuggestedindependentlybyHalFinney[6]andThomasBoschloo[7]forhashcashistofindacollision againstafixedoutputstring."

"Hashcash was originally proposed as a mechanism to throttle systematic abuse of un-metered internet resources such as email, and anonymous remailers in May 1997 ."

"Liberty Reserve was a Costa Rica -based centralized digital currency service that billed itself as the "oldest, safest and most popular payment processor , serving millions all around a world"."

"The Hawarden City Council started with an * Issue of 300 trade coupons, worth $1 each, to pay workers on a paving project."

"From 2002 to 2006, United States businessmen Arthur Budovsky and Vladimir Kats ran a digital currency exchange service known as Gold Age ."

"Deposited funds were then "converted" into Liberty Reserve Dollars or Liberty Reserve Euros, which were tied to the value of the U.S. dollar and the euro , respectively, or to ounces of gold."

"The service made money by charging a small fee, about 1%, on each transfer. [ 1 ] Transactions were "100% irrevocable"."

"Service was popular among currency brokers and multilevel marketing companies. [ 5 ] According to Forex Magnates, a specialized forex news service, Liberty Reserve was "the leading payment channel for traders in emerging and frontier markets.""