The Evidence Can't Name the First Horror Movie, but It Traces How the Genre Changed Shape
The sources point to a 1931 Universal film as the first of a long-running series, whose later entries and Universal Classic Monsters collections were repackaged for decades afterward 3. Academic Susan Hayward dates psychological horror as a post-World War II phenomenon, citing Psycho and Peeping Tom, both from 1960, as examples 46. More recently, Resident Evil earned a 96% certified fresh score on Rotten Tomatoes, the best of director Zach Cregger's career and ahead of Weapons 16.

In short
In 1931 a critic praised an early Universal monster film's thrills and suspense despite its sketchy characters and obscure motivations 30, and that same year's film became the first of a Universal series whose later entries and Universal Classic Monsters collections were repackaged for decades afterward 3. By May 1935 Bela Lugosi was already identified with the vampire role, as a review of a 1935 film described him by his Dracula part 7173. By 1939 Boris Karloff was billed as the world's most grewsome chiller-killer in Son of Frankenstein 76, and his frightening makeup for the monster carried over unchanged from the earlier feature 72. The Hays Code required modesty and respect for traditional values 57 and strictly limited the appearance of homosexual themes on the big screen, so early horror films such as The Bride of Frankenstein and Dracula's Daughter could present such behaviour only metaphorically 58. Universal's 1940s horror was largely remakes and sequels that reused old sets, footage, and narratives 2, and in the following decades the studio began having its monsters meet and team up across films, starting with Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man 4. Lewton's horror does not depend on showing a monstrous entity; the frightening image comes from the spectator reconstructing a threat that stays hidden 60. The flashback scenes in a later Phantom of the Opera film, which show how Professor Petrie became the Phantom, were shot with tilted Dutch angles that gave them an unreal, off-kilter look 5. Academic Susan Hayward dated psychological horror as a post-World War II phenomenon and named Psycho (1960) and Peeping Tom (1960) as examples 46, while some reviewers claimed sophisticated viewers would find the genre bored and old-fashioned 49. Rotten Tomatoes critics describe Halloween as scary, suspenseful, and viscerally thrilling, and say it set the standard for modern horror films 12. Child's Play occasionally stumbles between comedy and horror, but its creepy monster and Tom Holland's direction make it stand out 32. The line "Do you like scary movies?" is closely associated with Scream (1996) and the slasher wave that followed it 64. Resident Evil earned a 96% certified fresh score on Rotten Tomatoes 16, and Backrooms, an A24 film made on a budget under $10 million, grossed $396.5 million worldwide and became A24's highest-grossing film ever 27.
Monsters Become Icons, 1931–1939
In 1931 a critic judged that a film's thrills and suspense were present despite its sketchy characters and obscure motivations 30. That same year, a Universal film became the first of a Universal film series whose later entries and collections were repackaged for decades afterward 3.
By May 1935 Bela Lugosi was already identified with the vampire role, and a 1935 vampire film relied on staged shock devices, such as clutching hands, to make audiences scream 717375. By 1939 Boris Karloff was already established as the screen's best-known Frankenstein monster, billed as the world's most grewsome chiller-killer in Son of Frankenstein, and his monster makeup was carried over from the earlier feature, helping keep the monster's look consistent across films 7672.
The Hays Code shaped what could be shown. It required physical modesty and respect for traditional values such as marriage and family 57, and it strictly limited homosexual themes, so The Bride of Frankenstein (1935) and Dracula's Daughter (1936) presented those problems only metaphorically 58.
Repeats, Shadows, and the Hidden Threat, 1940s
In 1941 Lon Chaney Jr. played The Wolf Man, one of the few new monsters Universal introduced that decade 1. The studio's 1940s horror output was largely remakes and sequels that reused old sets, footage, and narratives 2, and in 1943 Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man began a run of monsters meeting across films that later media built on 4.
Cat People (1942) and I Walked with a Zombie (1943) were particularly successful at the box office 23. Lewton's horror does not depend on showing a supernatural or monstrous entity; the frightening image comes from the spectator anticipating or reconstructing a threat that stays partly or fully hidden 60. Director Jacques Tourneur created tension in the pool scene of La Féline mainly through lighting, shadows, unstable surroundings, high and low camera angles, and reverberating sound that surrounds the viewer 59, and he spent two days recording that sound 61.
Tight production limits pushed Lewton's films toward shadows, visual fragmentation, narrative ellipsis, and acoustic suggestion, which created psychological intensity without elaborate visual spectacle 62. His work marks a transition in horror from explicitly visualized threats to structures based on uncertainty, subjective experience, and the spectator's imaginative participation 63.
Colour, Psychology, and the Monster Inside, 1950s–1960s
Eastmancolor's affordability and convenience opened colour up to horror studios, which had been tied to black and white in the Technicolor era 7. Eastmancolor was less stylized than Technicolor, which suited everyday stories better 10. Peter Hutchings argues that Hammer's biggest generic transgression in horror was simply being in colour 9.
Hammer's 1962 The Phantom of the Opera used tilted Dutch angles in its flashbacks to give them an unreal, off-kilter look 5, and a 1962 Monthly Film Bulletin review called the production surprisingly tasteful and imaginative for a Hammer film, citing its rocky, water-lapped lair 6. Academic Susan Hayward dated psychological horror to the post-World War II era and named Psycho and Peeping Tom (1960) as examples 46. In Psycho's shower scene, the audience can see the killer behind Marion Crane before she does, so terror builds through that gap 56.
Critics were divided on the new mode. Reviewers in 1961 claimed sophisticated viewers would find psychological horror bored and old-fashioned 49, and the influential New York Times critics were frustrated by the middlebrow, pop-Freudian films of the early 1960s 51. Roger Ebert judged The Boston Strangler well made but criticized its promotion as being in singularly bad taste 43. Rosemary's Baby (1968) set the model for 'adult horror', which later reached its full commercial potential with The Exorcist (1973) 54. The Silence of the Lambs (1991) later pushed psychological horror by focusing on a young FBI agent and Dr. Hannibal Lecter, with fear built from emotional manipulation as well as gore 4852.
Slashers, Dolls, and Self-Aware Scares, 1978–1996
Halloween's Rotten Tomatoes critics consensus calls it scary, suspenseful, and viscerally thrilling, and says it set the standard for modern horror films 12. Its Tomatometer is based on 78 counted reviews, 75 fresh and 3 rotten 13. The evidence I have does not quote any 1978 reviewers, so it cannot show how they judged the film when it opened, and it does not say Halloween started the era by itself 12.
Child's Play (1988) met a split critical response. Roger Ebert called it a cheerfully energetic horror film, slicker and more clever than typical slam-bang horror 3340. The Associated Press treated it as a serious chiller that would make viewers wary of Cabbage Patch dolls and Barbie 36, and Los Angeles Times critic Kevin Thomas called it scary yet darkly funny 38. Boston Globe critic Jay Carr dismissed it as lightweight 'junk fun' 34, and USA Today's Donna Britt said it was neither campy nor fun 35. The Rotten Tomatoes consensus says it occasionally stumbles between comedy and horror, but its creepy monster and Tom Holland's direction make it stand out 32.
Scream (1996) is linked to the line 'Do you like scary movies?' and to the wave of slashers that followed it 64. Steve Jones calls it postmodern for its self-consciousness, duplicity, cynicism, fatalism, and games with the audience 67. Conrich calls the original trilogy neo-slasher, returning to earlier slashers mainly as knowing reference 68. Pheasant-Kelly reads its intertextuality and humour as homage rather than parody 69, while Wee argues it cannot be a parody because its murder scenes are frightening 70. Empire's Kim Newman said Scream 2 had great moments but suffered for not being as original as the first film 14.
Where Things Stand Now, October 2026
Obsession earned an A- CinemaScore and a 94% Rotten Tomatoes score, a rarity for scary movies 15. Its ticket sales in the second weekend were 39% above the opening weekend, an unusual rise for a horror film, which typically falls sharply after opening weekend 1821. Another report puts the second-weekend gain at 30% and calls it a rare feat, so the reported figures differ 20.
Resident Evil earned a 96% certified fresh critics score on Rotten Tomatoes, the best of Zach Cregger's career and ahead of Weapons 16. Its audience score of 91% is the best for the franchise, against 67% for the 2002 original 19. Its B+ CinemaScore is the franchise's best ever 25, and the film had reached $138.4 million after 24 days 79. Other Mommy opened with a D+ CinemaScore, and its opening weekend is the highest ever for a film with that grade 77. Only 19% of critics expressed approval of it 78, yet it had already reached $45 million globally on a $19 million production budget 80. Backrooms, an A24 film on a budget under $10 million, grossed $396.5 million worldwide and became A24's highest-grossing film ever 27.
The checked evidence includes Resident Evil (2026), which earned a 95% Rotten Tomatoes critics score while audiences gave it a B+ CinemaScore 17. Backrooms, an A24 film made on a budget under $10 million, grossed $396.5 million worldwide and became A24's highest-grossing film ever 27. The evidence I have contains no checked facts on the current status of the Halloween, Scream, or Child's Play franchises, or on 2025 box office, so those parts of the present-day picture remain unsettled.
Still unknown
Which film, if any, is the first horror movie? The evidence contains no checked facts on early trick films or silent-era origins, so this question stays open until those sources are added.
Did the 1978 reviewers of Halloween praise its camera work and suspense the way later critics did? The evidence has no quotes from those reviewers.
Did Halloween or Scream 'start' the modern era? The sources support both as turning points, but the evidence does not settle which, if either, was the origin.
What is the current box office and franchise status of Halloween, Scream, and Child's Play? The evidence has no checked facts on new releases, reboots, or sequels for those series, and its 2025 box office data is missing.
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Sources
"Universal would only introduce a few new monsters in the 1940s, with the most famous being Lon Chaney Jr. as The Wolf Man in The Wolf Man (1941)."Universal Monsters
"The decade had Universal's horror output include many remakes and sequels, with films often directly reusing old sets, footage, and narratives to replicate moments in their earlier horror productions."Universal Monsters
"In the 1990s, MCA/Universal Home Video released the film on VHS as part of the "Universal Monsters Classic Collection", a series of releases of Universal Classic Monsters films."Frankenstein (1931 film)
"Universal's first transmedia properties appeared in the 1940s and the 1950s with the films Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man (1943), House of Frankenstein (1944), House of Dracula (1945) and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)."Universal Monsters
"meaning the camera was noticeably tilted to give an unreal, off-kilter effect: a time-honored method in film of representing either a flashback or a dream."The Phantom of the Opera (1962 film)
"Surprisingly tasteful for a Hammer film, the production is also quite imaginative (The Phantom's rocky, water-lapped lair, complete with organ and double-bed) and careful."The Phantom of the Opera (1962 film)
"Through the affordability and convenience of the Eastmancolor process, colour was opened up to studios working within genres, such as horror, which were more commonly associated with black-and-white during the Technicolor era."The Technicolor Legacy, Color Consciousness and Hammer Horror (2019)
"but its Gothic elements are rich enough to defy time"The Phantom of the Opera (1962 film)
"As Peter Hutchings suggests, Hammer’s biggest generic transgression for the horror film wasn’t the ‘controversial representation of sexuality or violence but was simply the fact that it was in colour while the majority of earlier horrors had been in black and white.’"The Technicolor Legacy, Color Consciousness and Hammer Horror (2019)
"the colour was less stylized, making Eastmancolor more suited to everyday stories than the more historic or fantastic films where Technicolor found a home."The Technicolor Legacy, Color Consciousness and Hammer Horror (2019)
"the comparison of its colour schematic to that devised by Natalie Kalmus for Technicolor convincingly shows that the British studio brought more than just red blood to the screen, but presented a carefully constructed psychological colour landscape."The Technicolor Legacy, Color Consciousness and Hammer Horror (2019)
"Scary, suspenseful, and viscerally thrilling, Halloween set the standard for modern horror films."The 100 Best Horror Movies of the 1970s
"Reviews Counted: 78 Fresh: 75 Rotten: 3"Halloween (1978) - Rotten Tomatoes
"Some great comic—and terrifying—moments, but suffers for not being as original as the original"Scream 2
"In another rarity for scary movies, audiences and critics have been enthusiastic about"How 'Obsession' Became an Unprecedented Box Office Horror Hit
"Also that 96% certified fresh critical number on Rotten Tomatoes, is the best in Cregger’s career, ahead of Weapons ."Box Office: 'Resident Evil' $60M Opening Is Best For Zach Cregger, Series
"It holds a 95% score on Rotten Tomatoes. Audiences gave it a B+ CinemaScore."Top 5 best Hollywood horror movies of 2026, ranked - The Statesman
"Those ticket sales are 39% above its debut"How 'Obsession' Became an Unprecedented Box Office Horror Hit
"Similar to how this Resident Evil is posting the series’ best critical score on Rotten Tomatoes (now at 96% certified fresh), it is posting the best audience score as well, at 91%. On Rotten Tomatoes, the previous best audience score belonged to the original 2002 film at 67%."Box Office: 'Resident Evil' $60M Opening Is Best For Zach Cregger, Series
"Its second weekend earned 30% more than its opening weekend. That is a rare feat."Top 5 best Hollywood horror movies of 2026, ranked - The Statesman
"It’s especially uncommon for horror, a genre that’s notorious for falling sharply after opening weekend."How 'Obsession' Became an Unprecedented Box Office Horror Hit
"Screen Engine/Rentrak’s PostTrak exits went up to a 71% definite recommend for the general audience. The 35-44 demo also loves the movie at 76% definite recommend"Box Office: 'Resident Evil' $60M Opening Is Best For Zach Cregger, Series
"were particularly successful at the box office."‘From grade B thrillers to deluxe chillers’: prestige horror, female audiences, and allegories of spectatorship inThe Spiral Staircase(1946) (2009)
"In its third weekend, it dropped only 1%. It grossed $94 million worldwide against a reported $40 million budget."Top 5 best Hollywood horror movies of 2026, ranked - The Statesman
"there isn’t one with Resident Evil achieving the franchise’s best CinemaScore ever of a B+."Box Office: 'Resident Evil' $60M Opening Is Best For Zach Cregger, Series
"RKO chose to foreground these contradictory responses"‘From grade B thrillers to deluxe chillers’: prestige horror, female audiences, and allegories of spectatorship inThe Spiral Staircase(1946) (2009)
"It grossed $396.5 million worldwide on a budget under $10 million. It is A24’s highest-grossing film ever."Top 5 best Hollywood horror movies of 2026, ranked - The Statesman
"the Friday/preview-to-Saturday holds for some previous Resident Evil movies are pretty good with 2017’s The Final Chapter +1.4% between those two days, the original 2002 movie +1% and 2010’s Resident Evil: Afterlife -9%"Box Office: 'Resident Evil' $60M Opening Is Best For Zach Cregger, Series
"It premiered at South by Southwest and held a 97% Rotten Tomatoes score before release."Top 5 best Hollywood horror movies of 2026, ranked - The Statesman
"How How' - ' How' ever, the thrills and suspense are present as you watch this slimy demon and ponder on whether he will conjure up new horrors."Image 7 of The Washington times (Washington [D.C.]), February 14, 1931
"Buoyed by a good cast, strong direction, and excellent effects, Child's Play almost works. Unfortunately, the screenplay is full of plot holes, lapses of logic, and missed opportunities."Child's Play (1988) - Metacritic reviews - IMDb
"but its genuinely creepy monster and some deft direction by Tom Holland makes this chiller stand out on the shelf."Child's Play | Rotten Tomatoes
"" Child's Play " is a cheerfully energetic horror film of the slam-bang school, but slicker and more clever than most, about an evil doll named Charles Lee Ray, or "Chucky.""Child's Play movie review - Roger Ebert
"Child's Play is junk fun."Child's Play critic reviews - Metacritic
"Unfortunately, [Child's] Play isn't campy or fun, either. It's not much of anything at all."Child's Play | Rotten Tomatoes
"Child's Play is more than just an odyssey of revenge; it is a chiller that will make you think twice about cuddling those ugly little Cabbage Patch kids or visiting Barbie's townhouse."Child's Play critic reviews - Metacritic
"Child's Play is junk fun."Child's Play | Rotten Tomatoes
"Scary, yet darkly funny, this thriller of the supernatural from the director of the terrific Fright Night moves with the speed of a bullet train and with style to burn."Child's Play critic reviews - Metacritic
"Has the marks of a cult horror hit."Child's Play | Rotten Tomatoes
"A cheerfully energetic horror film of the slam-bang school, but slicker and more clever than most, about an evil doll named Charles Lee Ray, or Chucky."Child's Play critic reviews - Metacritic
"Specifically, I investigate why the horror films Rosemary's Baby (1968), I Spit xiv on Your Grave (1978), and Snuff (1976)-which each featured an exposed, vulnerable, violated, or 'monstrous' female body-became objects of controversy when they tapped into the contemporaneous feminist issues of reproduction, rape, and pornography, respectively"The horror of feminism : understanding the second wave through the reception of controversial films (2010)
"became objects of controversy when they tapped into the contemporaneous feminist issues of reproduction, rape, and pornography, respectively, and how the films' receptions reveal ways in which people have made sense of feminism and its issues."The horror of feminism : understanding the second wave through the reception of controversial films (2010)
"Although the film's treatment of the murders is restrained and intelligent, it is being promoted in singularly bad taste."Old Horror, New Hollywood and the 1960s True Crime Cycle (2018)
"“hard to define” (Auby, 1962: 6)"Beyond Hammer: the first run market and the prestige horror film in the early 1960s (2017)
"And these girls were laughing. They were having the times of their lives."Old Horror, New Hollywood and the 1960s True Crime Cycle (2018)
"Academic Susan Hayward described them as a post-World War II phenomenon and giving examples of psychological horror films as Psycho (1960) and Peeping Tom (1960). "Psychological horror
"it was horror fans – particularly the ‘déclassé’ drive-in or grindhouse crowds for Hammer Horror or Roger Corman’s A.I.P. films – who were attracted by this type of lurid horror film ballyhoo."Old Horror, New Hollywood and the 1960s True Crime Cycle (2018)
"The Silence of the Lambs (1991), directed by Jonathan Demme, pushed the boundaries of psychological horror by focusing on the intricate relationship between a young FBI agent and the brilliant but deranged serial killer, Dr. Hannibal Lecter."The Evolution of Horror Films: From Classic Monsters to Psychological Terrors (2023)
"it was claimed that “the sophisticated viewer” would not be"Beyond Hammer: the first run market and the prestige horror film in the early 1960s (2017)
"While other horror media emphasize fantastical situations such as attacks by monsters , psychological horror tends to keep the monsters hidden and to involve situations more grounded on artistic realism ."Psychological horror
"frustrated the sensibilities of leading film critics in the early to mid-1960s, including the influential New York Times critics."Old Horror, New Hollywood and the 1960s True Crime Cycle (2018)
"The film emphasizes the psychological cat-and-mouse game between the characters, where fear emerges not only from gruesome violence but also from the manipulation of emotions and vulnerabilities."The Evolution of Horror Films: From Classic Monsters to Psychological Terrors (2023)
"Gibron concluded it as a "clouded gray area between all out splatter and a trip through a cinematic dark ride." "Psychological horror
"established the model for ‘adult horror’ which would reach its full commercial potential with William Friedkin’s horror blockbuster The Exorcist (1973)."Old Horror, New Hollywood and the 1960s True Crime Cycle (2018)
"citing films like Psycho and Peeping Tom (1960)"Psychological horror (film and television)
"Alfred Hitchcock 's iconic shower scene in Psycho (1960) illustrates Marion Crane facing away from the bathroom door when the killer enters."Psychological horror (film and television)
"cuya reglamentación de los espectáculos exigía, de manera inapelable, el pudor físico y el respeto a los valores tradicionales como el matrimonio y la familia, así como a las instituciones militares y eclesiásticas."
"mostrando comportamientos y problemáticas homosexuales de forma metafórica , evitando así el estricto Código Hays que limitaba la aparición de temáticas homosexuales en la gran pantalla."Queer horror
"Tourneur suscite une forte tension en jouant sur l'éclairage, les zones d'ombre, l'instabilité de l'environnement (l'eau de la piscine, les reflets de l'eau sur les murs), les prises de vue en plongée et contre-plongée, et la réverbération du son qui enveloppe totalement le spectateur, un tour de force avec les bandes-sons mono de l'époque"
"Within Lewton's conception of horror, the frightening image is not necessarily defined by the explicit representation of a supernatural presence or monstrous entity, but rather by the perceptual and psychological mechanisms through which the spectator anticipates, imagines, or reconstructs a threatening reality that remains partially or entirely concealed."Val Lewton: La forma invisibile dell'incubo (2019)
"Il passe d'ailleurs deux jours à enregistrer le son de cette scène dans la piscine"
"The strategic use of shadows, visual fragmentation, narrative ellipsis, and acoustic suggestion demonstrates the importance of formal organization in generating psychological intensity independently of elaborate visual spectacle."Val Lewton: La forma invisibile dell'incubo (2019)
"His productions provide a significant framework for investigating the transition from explicitly visualized threats to narrative and aesthetic structures grounded in uncertainty, subjective experience, and the imaginative participation of the spectator."Val Lewton: La forma invisibile dell'incubo (2019)
"This line has become synonymous not just with Scream (Wes Craven, 1996), but also with the new wave of slasher horror cinema that followed it."The Postmodern Slasher Film, by Steve Jones (2026)
"These films are also often characterised by their similarity to Scream and its ensuing franchise."The Postmodern Slasher Film, by Steve Jones (2026)
"Cette scène est d’ailleurs un clin d’œil aux discussions en classe utilisées dans les films pour discuter des films d’horreur. Noah incarne le même profil que Randy"Serial killer / serial TV : l’adaptation du « slasher » dans Scream : the TV series (2015-) (2019)
"He does however suggest that Scream is a postmodern text for other reasons, such as an emphasis on playing games with its audience and a distinctive tone characterised by self-consciousness, duplicity, cynicism and fatalism."The Postmodern Slasher Film, by Steve Jones (2026)
"The neo (or new) slasher, like the slasher revival, returned to the original films but largely as a point of knowing reference and self-awareness"Serial killer / serial TV : l’adaptation du « slasher » dans Scream : the TV series (2015-) (2019)
"L’intertextualité du film et l’humour associé n’en font pas une parodie, mais plutôt un hommage."Serial killer / serial TV : l’adaptation du « slasher » dans Scream : the TV series (2015-) (2019)
"Par ailleurs, Wee (2005) défend que Scream ne puisse pas être une parodie, parce que ses scènes de meurtres font peur."Serial killer / serial TV : l’adaptation du « slasher » dans Scream : the TV series (2015-) (2019)
"BELA LUGOSI is still going strong in his old role as a human vampire"Image 11 of The Washington daily news (Washington, D.C.), May 11, 1935
"Boris Karloff in his frighten frightening - ing frightening make-up stalks through with the same menacing pace origi originated - nated originated in the earlier feature"Image 18 of The Washington times (Washington [D.C.]), January 13, 1939
"is Bela (Dracula) Lugosi, preparing for the kill."Image 11 of The Washington daily news (Washington, D.C.), May 11, 1935
"Bela Lugosi, who got his hor horror - ror horror degree as “Dracula,” looks like a composite of the three witches, with long fangs, matted hair and a maniacal chortle."Image 18 of The Washington times (Washington [D.C.]), January 13, 1939
"The film is crammed with clutching hands and other devices for bringing shrieks from the audi"Image 11 of The Washington daily news (Washington, D.C.), May 11, 1935
"In “Son of Frankenstein” it is Boris Karloff who is again the world's most grewsome chiller-killer."Image 18 of The Washington times (Washington [D.C.]), January 13, 1939
"One thing of note is that this is the highest opening weekend ever for a film that received a D+ from those polled at Cinemascore."Weekend Box Office: Other Mommy Scares Up an Impressive Debut
"Critics who did catch up on Other Mommy were not as kind to it, as only 19% expressed approval."Weekend Box Office: Other Mommy Scares Up an Impressive Debut
"The film has now accrued $138.4 million, which is among the top 15 for a horror film through 24 days, just behind The Sixth Sense ($138.8 million) right now."Weekend Box Office: Other Mommy Scares Up an Impressive Debut
"the $19 million production is already headed well into profit territory with $45 million globally."Weekend Box Office: Other Mommy Scares Up an Impressive Debut
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