Did the Knights Templar Invent Banking? What We Know and What Is Just a Story

"The properties of the Templars were carefully inventoried, lands rented out, and the treasury taken over by royal officials."

"According to William Burgwinkle, the Templars had become a target of Phillip IV for their economic assets and for the debts the French crown owed the Templar Order."

"dans le royaume de Valence , les biens des deux ordres seraient fusionnés dans un nouvel ordre, nommé d’après sa principale forteresse, Montesa ."

"Ce nouvel ordre fut confirmé par la bulle Ad fructus uberes en date du 10 juin 1317 , la règle le 22 novembre et avec acceptation le 3 décembre 1317 , par le pape Jean XXII , qui lui donna, à l’instar des autres ordres militaires hispaniques, la règle cistercienne"

"everyyearfromeverysheriffinEngland,andamarkfromeverycity,townorcastle paying the king £100 or more annually, which in the 1320s the Hospitallers com- plained was being withheld from them."

"These jurisdictional privileges could outlive the Order."

"thesuppressionoftheOrderbythepapacyin1312,followingthearrests of its br"

"Felipe luchó por quedarse con los bienes de la Orden, sin embargo Clemente V por medio de la bula Ad providam vicarii Christi del 2 de mayo de 1312, decretó que las propiedades de los templarios pasaran a la Orden de los Hospitalarios de San Juan de Jerusalén ."

"The bull Vox in excelso of 22 March 1312 suppressed the Order, and [[Ad providam]] of 2 May granted its property to the other great military order, the Hospital."

"El 3 de abril de 1312, en la segunda sesión del Concilio, Clemente V anunció la transferencia de todos los bienes de la Orden del Temple a la de los caballeros de San Juan y órdenes militares, a través de las bulas Ad providam y Considerantes."

"Cuando en 1291 cae San Juan de Acre , el último bastión cristiano en Tierra Santa, los templarios se trasladan a Europa y se convierten en los principales banqueros y prestamistas de las monarquías europeas, especialmente de la francesa, en cuyo territorio se localizaban sus mayores posesiones."

"Cuando la orden fue suprimida en 1312, pasó a los hospitalarios , que lo mantuvieron hasta 1752."

"Más tarde, el hospital fue dado en usufructo a diferentes propietarios, incluidos los Corsini."

"En 1866 la familia Corsini vendió la iglesia y otros edificios, conservando el usufructo."

"In the staged trial by royalty, among other more or less fanciful accusations, there were references to violations of evangelical precepts regarding interest, although over time, the financial mechanisms invented by the Templars were adopted by almost all civilizations."

"Confrontado com uma frente unida na península Ibérica, o Papa exigiu a transferência dos bens templários para a Ordem dos Hospitalários , porém também a isto se opôs o rei D. Dinis, não só porque um comando hospitalário, no sediado no estrangeiro, podia revelar-se inconveniente contra a ameaça muçulmana do norte de África"

"Pope John XXII approved this order by a Papal bull on 14 March 1319"

"O papa Clemente V foi sucedido por João XXII , que aceitou a proposta da criação de uma Ordem nova para substituir os templários em Portugal."

"Although an exception was made for the Templars' holdings in the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, Portugal and Mallorca, in other kingdoms throughout Europe such as France and England the Templar's property was transferred to the Hospitallers."

"In the case of Portugal with King Dinis I this was no different although in this case the Templars were merely converted to the Order of Christ in 1318"

"The castle at Tomar was founded in 1160 by Gualdim Pais, the Master of the Knights Templar in Portugal."

"Tomar was besieged for five days during the Almohad campaign of 1190"

"Esta Ordem foi sediada primeiramente em Castro Marim (no sudeste do Algarve) em 1319 mas em 1356 regressou a Tomar."

"a cidade foi cercada pelo califa almóada Iacube Almançor , mas os Monges Cavaleiros tiveram sucesso em defendê-la sob o comando de Gualdim Pais."

"Em 1357, a sede foi transferida para o Convento de Tomar."

"while he personally assumed the proceeds of the Templar treasury. In theory, and by Papal order, the Templars’ treasury was supposed to go to the Knights Hospitaller"

"Heads of convents were expected to pay their responsions at the chapter"

"such as the claims made by those who had been in receipt of corrodies"

"The surviving records of the submissions made by various individuals and institutions who claimed to have corrodies or income at the various Templar properties in England, which were in the king’s hands after the Templars’ arrests in January 1308, are preserved in TNA, E 142/9."

"After January 1308 the royal officials who ran the estates sold all produce except what was needed for consumption by the farm workers and the portion of their wages that was paid in grain, and to feed the livestock."

"I have identified inventories of chapel contents from 55 Templar chapels and churches in England, of which 31 related to Templar houses where at least one Templar was resident"

"In England and Wales the Templars’ preferred crop was wheat, grown on virtually all their estates."

"The bailiff and his assistant reeve would be responsible for day to day decisions on the running of an estate, but generally the employer – in this case the Templar commander – would set the overall strategy and have the final word over doubtful matters."

"L’Archivio di Stato di Genova conserva inoltre gli archivi notarili, che rappresentano il suo fondo più celebrato, universalmente noto per l’antichità"

"si pensi all'uso che ne facevano gli ordini religiosi cavallereschi"

"but other concessions such as a large monetary payment and recognition of Templar sovereignty over all the Temple’s possessions in the Amanus Mounta"

"the behaviour of the Templars in the 1230s must have strained the Order’s relationship with the Antiochene prince. In c.1235 Armand of Périgord, the Master of the Temple, agreed to launch an attack upon the Armenian kingdom with Bohemond V in order to avenge the deaths of several Templars who had been executed by Hethoum for stirring up trouble against him."

"Later the Knights Templar provided this service to pilgrims traveling to and from the Holy Land"

"наибольшую выгоду Ордену приносили финансовые операции, некоторые из которых являлись пионерными."

"then accept it as deposit, recording its value in local currency"

"Инновационные инструменты в виде текущих счётов, вексельно-чекового обращения и денежных переводов благоприятствовали развитию отдельных бизнесов и международной торговли в целом."

"временное трастовое управление их имуществом"

"A traveler could deposit money at a Templar location in one country and receive access to funds at another location."

"Monarchs sometimes borrowed money from them"

"Secure money transfers across regions"

"he confirmed to them all the donations of"

"from hidage, carucage, danegeld and hornegeld"

"Henry III’s charter to the Templars mentions tallage for the first time"

"Comme la taille et les opérations des changeurs ont augmenté, ils ont commencé à fournir une facilité de prêt, en comprenant les frais de prêt dans les taux de change."

"Plus tard, les Templiers ont fourni ce service aux pèlerins voyageant de et vers la Terre sainte"

"El 1245, el comanador Pere Gil comprà unes cases i horts pròxims al convent barceloní"

"amb set establiments emfitèutics de parcel·les per a construir-ne d'altres"

"In the 4th Year of K. Richard I, Margaret de Perc: releaſed the Town of Rokeſby to the Knights Templars, in the King's Court before the Barons of the Exchequer (e)."

"Little of its structure survives, but early descriptions and sketches indicate that its church was like that at Temple Bruer Preceptory"

"we prohibit and forbid in all possible ways any ecclesiastic of layman to exhort from the master and the brothers of this house any fealty, homage, oaths or other securities, often employed by seculars."

"Also, we prohibit and forbid in all possible ways any ecclesiastic of layman to exhort from the master and the brothers of this house any fealty, homage, oaths or other securities, often employed by seculars."

"we by all means prohibit the exaction of tithes against your will from all moveable and unmovable possessions and anything that belongs to your venerable house."

"we by all means prohibit the exaction of tithes against your will from all movable and unmovable possessions and anything that belongs to your venerable house."

"But we confirm with apostolic authority the tithes that you might extract by your zeal, with the advice and consent of the bishops from the hands of clerics and laymen, and even those that you obtain with the consent of bishops and their clerics."

"But we confirm with apostolic authority the tithes that you might extract by your zeal, with the advice and consent of the bishops from the hands of clerics and laymen"

"Omne datum optimum et omne donum perfectum desursum est, descendens a patro luminum, apud quem non est transmutatio nec vicissitudinis obumbratio."

"Gilbert de Ogrestan (le Templier accusé du détournement de la dîme de Saladin en 1188 et qui fut sévèrement puni par le maître de l'époque)"

"Historical evidence does not securely establish that a secret Templar fleet carrying the order's treasure escaped from La Rochelle immediately before the arrests."

"Os reis Dinis de Portugal e Jaime II de Aragão proclamaram que não encontraram provas de heresia, blasfêmia ou imoralidade entre os Templários em seus respectivos reinos."

"One popular theory claims fugitive Templars escaped to Scotland because King Robert the Bruce had been excommunicated and might therefore ignore papal action against them."

"Dois Templários, ambos da Inglaterra, foram examinados pelo Bispo de St. Andrews, na Escócia, e confessaram apenas delitos menores."

"There is no reliable contemporary evidence demonstrating that a secret Templar force fought at the Battle of Bannockburn."

"Em junho, os Templários renderam-se, suas propriedades e tesouros foram apreendidos, e eles foram mantidos em Khirokitia"

"Prince Henry the Navigator became its governor."

"Entretanto, as autoridades cipriotas retiveram o tesouro e os bens móveis para cobrir os custos extraordinários dos julgamentos."

"Il Banco fu fondato nel 1987 come "Banca di Genova e San Giorgio", in ricordo dell'antico Banco di San Giorgio , che fu dal 1797 al 1805 la nuova denominazione dell'antica "Casa delle compere e dei banchi di San Giorgio" fondata nel 1407 ."

"The Italian Maritime republics such as Venice , Genoa , and Pisa expanded their trade throughout the Mediterranean."

"Banco di San Giorgio (1453–1562)"

"Il Banco di San Giorgio: Genova culla della banca moderna"

"In central and northern Italy and in Flanders , the rise of towns that were, to a degree, self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations."

"Nascita 1284 Causa Battaglia della Meloria"

"Military religious orders such as the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller were formed and went on to play an integral role in the crusader states."

"L'affidamento dell'amministrazione della Corsica al Banco di San Giorgio nel 1453 rappresenta uno degli episodi più si"

"El presente artículo analiza la evolución historiográfica del estudio de las operaciones financieras templarías, desde su inicio en 1889 hasta la actualidad."

"Barber M (1994) The new knighthood: a history of the order of the temple. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge"